Relativity is a pseudoscience II. The Hafele-Keating HOAX,

[rhertz]

I want to tell a story of two adventurous "scientists" that, allegedly,
proved SR and GR by using borrowed cesium atomic clocks, which they
carried along with them while traveling around the globe TWICE, using
commercial flights.

You can read the original publication here (1971):
http://www.personal.psu.edu/rq9/HOW/Atomic_Clocks_Predictions.pdf

as well as the Wiki narrative here:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafele%E2%80%93Keating_experiment

It's worthy to mention that this is THE CHEAPEST EXPERIMENT to prove SR
and GR simultaneously. It only costed $8,000 from a grant of the US
Naval Observatory. Of this amount, $7600 was spent on plane tickets,
including two seats on each flight for the atomic clocks. They performed
TWO ROUNDS around the world, each one on opposite directions.

ALERTS ABOUT THE HOAX:
1) Consider that each path flight, linearized, was composed by no less
than 5 segments (US, UK, Turkey, Philipines, Japan, US), and required
that both adventurers spend about 1 day of accomodations at each stage
(hotel, etc.).

2) With the help of EXPERTS in navegation, they APPROXIMATED the globe
circumvalation AS IF it was done following the Equator IN JUST ONE TRIP.
Here entered a lot of approximations in the calculations, to linearize
the travels. Nothing different than the ABUSE OF STATISTICAL CORRECTIONS
within the 1961 Pound-Rebka experiment.

3) No less than 10 take-off and landings existed. At each one, the
EFFECTS of acceleration, altitude change, geomagnetic and atmospheric
effects, humidity, presurization, heat, velocity changes, etc., WERE
IGNORED.

4) The couple used APPROXIMATIONS of relativity to generate these
formulae for calculations of time effects due to SR and GR:

FOR SPECIAL RELATIVITY
A clock that is stationary on the surface at the equator has a speed RΩ
relative to nonrotating space, and hence runs slow relative to
hypothetical coordinate clocks of this space in the ratio 1 - R² Ω²/2c²,
where R is the earth's radius and Ω its angular speed.

If τ and τ₀ are the respective times recorded by the flying and ground
reference clocks during a complete circumnavigation, their time
difference, to a first approximation, is given by
τ - τ₀ = -( 2RΩv + v²) τ₀/2c²

NOTE 1: OBSERVE THAT THIS IS A QUADRATIC EQUATION IN τ₀. THIS HAS NOT
BEEN ADDRESSED IN CALCULATIONS.
NOTE 2: v (the speed of the plane) is v>0 flying eastward. The opposite
is negative.

FOR GENERAL RELATIVITY

τ - τ₀ = [gh/c²-( 2RΩv + v²) /2c² ] τ₀

where h is the AVERAGE ALTITUDE OF THE PLANE, being h << R.

FINAL RESULTS, AS PUBLISHED IN 1972 IN SCIENCE MAGAZINE (values are in
nanoseconds)

Predicted for GR (eastward flight): +144 ± 14
Predicted for SR (eastward flight): -184 ± 18
THEORETICAL TOTAL EASTWARD FLIGHT: -40 ± 23
MEASURED TOTAL EASTWARD FLIGHT: -59 ± 10

NOTE 3: More than 70% error for SR (use values at extremes).
NOTE 4: Starting 4 October 1971, eastward flights lasted 65 hours, with
41 accumulated hours of flight.

Predicted for GR (westward flight): +179 ± 18
Predicted for SR (westward flight): +96 ± 10
THEORETICAL TOTAL WESTWARD FLIGHT: +275 ± 21
MEASURED TOTAL WESTWARD FLIGHT: +273 ± 7

NOTE 5: In this case, the error is lower than 1% (use values at
extremes).
NOTE 6: After a week of vacations, and starting 13 October 1971,
westward flights lasted 80.3 hours, with 48.6 accumulated hours of
flight.

*******************************************************************

If after reading the brief resume, you still think that this IS REAL
SCIENCE, and that the results ARE NOT COOKED by two ambitious
relativists, then you deserve to be a gullible imbecile, like the ones
who supported this HOAX and made it public.

If you dig a little bit in the equations for SR and GR that were used by
these two, you'll find that are only A GROSS APPROXIMATION generated
using the 1915 Schwarzschild's solution, 56 years after he developed it.
It's the same shameful procedure that Pound and Rebka used on their 1961
experiment, devised to CHECK if the 1911 Einstein's equations were true
and, then, PHOTONS HAVE MASS.

******************************************************************
J. C. HAFELE - Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis,
Missouri
RICHARD E. KEATING - Time Service Division, U.S. Naval Observatory,
Washington, D.C.

[Python]

(diotic rant)
and, then, PHOTONS HAVE MASS.

yawn.

[LaurenceClarkCrossen]

Mr. Hertz: It's hard to see any value in such an experiment. What I
found especially absurd was the finding of time dilation and time
contraction. Logic is enough to understand time dilation is a
self-contradictory absurdity—junk science.

[rhertz]

You have to download this paper, from 2017, in order to understand what
these "specimens" wrote in 1971:

Relativistic Corrections in the European GNSS Galileo
Dr. A. Mudraka, Dr. P. De Simonea, Dr. ing. M. Lisi a
a European Space Agency - ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands


https://www.academia.edu/112529110/Relativistic_Corrections_in_the_European_GNSS_Galileo


In this paper Mudrak and his team calculated the corrections to be
applied to ground receivers of the European GPS-like network: Galileo.

To do so, Mudrak used the basic Schwarzschild's solution (from 1915),
over which it was added a couple of minor corrections that can be
dismissed for the purpose of this test.

Considering the average height at which Galileo satellites orbit, Mudrak
separated the effects of GR and SR.

The GR influence on the difference that he calculated between atomic
clocks on orbit and a reference clock located at the surface of the
Earth was:

Δf/f = -GMe/c² (1/r - 1/a) , where a=radius of Earth ; r=distance of
satellite to the center of Earth.

As you can see, this is a better equation than using only h=average
height of the flights, but is not relevant. So, this part is EQUAL to
what Hafele-Keating used.

Now, Mudrak calculated that the influence of SR in the frequency
difference was:

Δf/f = vsat²/2c²

In these formulae, I dismissed the values of J2 (Earth quadrupole
moment) and Ωe (mean Earth angular rotation rate). This because of the
high speed and altitude involved.

So, for any practical purpose, there are no major differences between
Hafele-Keating and Mudrak formulae, WITH THE EXCEPTION THAT the speed of
the plane IS RELEVANT when compared with the rotational speed of Earth.

The remaining concept is that Δf/f (frequencies of atomic clocks in
orbit and at ground stations) is related to the TIME that these clocks
count. So, you can interpret, without any conceptual error, that f, f₀,
τ and τ₀ ARE DIRECTLY RELATED.

Finally, to reach to some values close to those of Hafele-Keating, you
HAVE TO COMPUTE the time lapses over which these formulae were applied
(flight time).

Thinking about the HUGE AMOUNT of anomalies not considered in the 1971
experiment, nor you or ANYBODY can seriously take such crappy experiment
as something CLOSE TO REAL VALUES. THEY WERE COOKED TO THE MAXIMUM.

One last thing concerning the two flights in opposite directions, is
that the angular speed of Earth is added or subtracted from the speed of
the planes.

As you can analyze, relativity was used discretionally by these two
guys, as the "differential velocity" between both frames of reference
(planes and Earth) is ARBITRARILY COMPUTED.

These two crooks took ONE YEAR to publish the cooked data in the Science
Magazine. The original article, in 1971, contain a funny and confusing
graphic where they, allegedly, showed the "results" of that farce.

Obviously, somebody in the gov. pushed them to make a new presentation
with tables and numerical values, PLUS a lot of explanations about the
SIMPLIFICATIONS that they made. But it only takes to watch the tables
(which I presented before) to see and smell the ROTTEN FISH that such
1971 experiment was.

[rhertz]

Lawrence: You mean time dilation. It's length which is affirmed that
contracts IN the moving frame, but ONLY as PERCEIVED by the observer at
relative rest.

Yes, most of the converted to this cult, since around 1910.

The first experiment, when atomic clocks didn't exist, was performed in
1933 by a couple of cretins who used the concept of LATERAL DOPPLER
SHIFTING. They made a rotating platform and "measured" a lateral
radiation (which violated SR principles, as it was a platform subjected
to rotation in a lame lab). It was the Ives-Stilwell 1933 experiment,
using electrons. It was repeated many times in the next decades, even
using Gamma rays.

The old member Dono (an EE) was crazy about this, and wrote many
pseudopapers on ResearchGate. He had serious mental issues, due to his
exposure to relativity since 2006, until Google group disappeared this
year.

You can read about that here.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ives%E2%80%93Stilwell_experiment


The first experiment involving moving atomic clocks was the 1971
Hafele-Keating HOAX, hence their undue fame.

[LaurenceClarkCrossen]

Mr. Hertz: No, I mean contraction. H&K have both depending on which
direction the jets flew relative to the Earth's spin.

[LaurenceClarkCrossen]

Mr. Hertz: About your referenced paper: We have empirical data on the
different rates at which the atomic clock runs in orbit and a
relativistic interpretation. Most of the effect is gravitational, making
the clock run faster. No one doubts there is a gravitational effect.
It's just not relativistic. Gravitational is 47.17 microseconds faster
minus time dilation 6.37 ms/day slower, which gives the empirical amount
of 40.8 ms/day faster. Without the time dilation, how can the 6.37 ms be
accounted for? The gravitational effect must be miscalculated because
there is no time dilation. Since the satellites are geostationary, why
is there a Sagnac effect? He says the receiver is moving relative to the
satellite. It is not time dilation if the clock slows down due to
orbital speed. Considering that gravity does not affect light, the use
of c in the equation for the gravitational effect is not valid. ["It is
worth noting that the gravitational effect is by far the largest of all
relativistic effects: more than six times larger than the speed effect
and two orders of magnitude larger than the Sagnac effect. General
relativity, in other words, dominates over special relativity, as far as
GNSS relativistic effects are concerned."]

[Paul.B.Andersen]

Post by rhertz
The first experiment, when atomic clocks didn't exist, was performed in
1933 by a couple of cretins who used the concept of LATERAL DOPPLER
SHIFTING. They made a rotating platform and "measured" a lateral
radiation (which violated SR principles, as it was a platform subjected
to rotation in a lame lab). It was the Ives-Stilwell 1933 experiment,
using electrons. It was repeated many times in the next decades, even
using Gamma rays.

https://paulba.no/paper/Ives_Stilwell.pdf

"which violated SR principles"

Interesting to see that Richard Hertz claims that this
experiment falsifies SR because it "violated SR principles"!

Does that mean that this experiment wasn't "doctored, hacked by
using fraudulent cherry-picking of data or just invented.
The relativity community support these procedures, so they can
keep milking the funds that "people with an agenda" provides,
either from the state or the corrupt academia"?

[LaurenceClarkCrossen]

Everyone: Does anyone know where our GPS expert skeptic Lou is now?

[ProkaryoticCaspaseHomolog]

Post by rhertz
The first experiment, when atomic clocks didn't exist, was performed in
1933 by a couple of cretins who used the concept of LATERAL DOPPLER
SHIFTING. They made a rotating platform and "measured" a lateral
radiation (which violated SR principles, as it was a platform subjected
to rotation in a lame lab). It was the Ives-Stilwell 1933 experiment,
using electrons. It was repeated many times in the next decades, even
using Gamma rays.

No, Richard. They didn't measure the transverse Doppler shift on a
rotating platform. Direct measure of the transverse Doppler shift was
quite outside the technological capabilities of the time, as I make
quite clear from my Figure 3:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ives%E2%80%93Stilwell_experiment
(Under my current and a previous user name, I am author of about 49%
of the text of this article, while my good friend and collaborator
D.H wrote about 26% of the article. I drew the first seven figures.)
The speed of the the canal rays was only about 0.005c, so systematic
errors in direct measurement of the transverse Doppler effect would
have been impossible for them to control for.

Instead, they compared (1) the average wavelength of a redshifted and
blueshifted beam of the blue-green 4861 Å Hβ line of the Balmer series
series as emitted by a beam of "canal rays" with (2) the line directly
emitted by stationary excited atoms in the canal-ray tubes.

They had to overcome a number of technical challenges in performing
their measurements. I consider their experiment to represent an
impressive tour de force in identifying and overcoming these challenges.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ives%E2%80%93Stilwell_experiment#The_experiment_of_1938

You are usually much better at reading the original literature that
you attempt to critique.

The authors, by the way, were relativity skeptics. They expected
negative results, and when the results were non-negative, they
preferred to explain the results within the context of the electron
theories of Lorentz and Lamor rather than relativity.

[LaurenceClarkCrossen]

Mr. Hertz: Time contraction: "The actual results showed that
the flight clock was 59 ± 10 ns slower for the eastbound flight and 273
± 7 ns faster for the westbound
flight. This experiment will be referred to as the Hafele‐Keating
experiment.

[LaurenceClarkCrossen]

Mr. Hertz: Before H&K, did anyone think there was a time contraction?

[Mikko]

Post by LaurenceClarkCrossen
Mr. Hertz: Before H&K, did anyone think there was a time contraction?

Yes, George Francis FitzGerald in 1889.
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Ether_and_the_Earth%27s_Atmosphere

[LaurenceClarkCrossen]

Mikko: Gracias, but that seems only to mention length contraction, not
time contraction, as appears to be claimed in H&K.

[Richard Hachel]

Post by LaurenceClarkCrossen
Mr. Hertz: It's hard to see any value in such an experiment. What I
found especially absurd was the finding of time dilation and time
contraction. Logic is enough to understand time dilation is a
self-contradictory absurdity—junk science.

No, the notions of length contraction or time dilation are not
absurdities.
We can now speak, in light of the experiments, of physical realities.
I have never stopped explaining, and explaining it clearly, that the
problem comes from a misunderstanding of the subject by the highest
physicists themselves, not from what is happening in the physical reality
of the world.
It is then quite obvious, and physicists are ALL at fault when they deny
it, that what they are stating IS absurd and false, and not what they
should be stating.
Physicists are like a bad bow designer, who throws arrows "not too badly",
and who can hit a target
once out of two times on average. So they are happy with their bow.

They start saying that it is normal, because there is a law of
uncertainty,
that a bow can never, on average, make you hit the target more than once
out of two.

This is also the theory of Jean-Pierre Messager, who finds RR very good,
and who howls with laughter the day that Doctor Hachel (blessed be he)
says that he, with a bow of his design, you hit the target every time.

This idea is beyond him. It is no longer in agreement with his religious
belief.

One of the problems of relativistic physicists is that they do not go far
enough in relativistic extravagance. They limit themselves, pettily, to
the fixed contraction of the lengths of moving objects, and to their time
dilation (their time seems to turn less quickly).

So the opposite is true: it is because they are not extravagant enough
that their doctrine becomes false and they are mocked by the "cranks".

It is indeed obvious that things said as they say them are absurd: two
travelers cannot become younger than each other.

There is necessarily, on their part, an educational responsibility in
their way of considering things in this way, and of not wanting to be more
precise and clear.

Worse, when Doctor Hachel speaks about it (he is much better than Einstein
and Poincaré on this, and he explains things much better) he is spat on,
human madness always being there.

No. It is the terms and concepts that are imprecise. Because everything is
badly said. From there come all the misunderstandings, the errors, then
the hatreds.

We should say: "There is a reciprocal dilation of internal chronotropies".
And not "There is a reciprocal dilation of time", which is absurd, and
forces the student to fill the stupidity of the concept with a "time-gap"
dust under the carpet.

We should say: "There is an elasticity of lengths and distances" and not
"there is a fixed contraction in the reference frame of type l'=g.l

And so on for many things.

So, we should not say either: "the theory is false".

We should say "they all speak falsely about it".

Their experiences do not deceive them. It is their lack of understanding
of things that deceives them.

"When you cut off a dog's four legs, it no longer comes to eat when you
call it, THEREFORE it becomes deaf".

R.H.

[LaurenceClarkCrossen]

R.H.: I don't see how you can possibly be at all correct.

[Richard Hachel]

Post by LaurenceClarkCrossen
R.H.: I don't see how you can possibly be at all correct.

Tout ce que je dis est pourtant très clair et très logique.

Ce n'est pas ma faute si personne ne veut se donner la peine de COMPRENDRE
ce que je dis, avant seulement de juger.

Je vois dans mon post de tout à l'heure que Paul B. Andersen, qui
pourtant n'est pas stupide, n'est pas un bandit, n'est pas un lâche, ni
un fainéant, me dit qu'il ne comprend pas mes griefs contre la notion
même de référentiel relativiste.

Je le lui explique.

Il ne comprend toujours pas et les autres non plus.

Pourtant, tout ce que j'explique est simple et correct. Je ne peux pas
expliquer mieux.

Après, ça demande peut-être un effort conceptuel dans l'esprit du
lecteur que le lecteur ne veux pas faire.

R.H.

[rhertz]

One important thing, which clearly shows the FARCE, are the stability
numbers for rubidium atomic clocks.

Very simply:

- Flying eastwards during 41 hours, and measuring a total difference of
59 nsec IMPLY a factor of 4E-13 in terms of ACCURACY.

- Flying westward during 65 hours, and measuring a total difference with
the ground clock of 270 nsec IMPLY a factor of 1.2E-12 in terms of
ACCURACY.

Have in mind that THREE RUBIDIUM ATOMIC CLOCKS (from 1971) were FAR from
the stability and accuracy of modern clocks, 50 years after (like this
one):

https://www.microsemi.com/document-portal/doc_view/133195-rubidium-keeps-the-signal-stable

Accuracy: +/- 5E-11
Age degradation: 5E-11/month

OR THESE ONE:

Stability and Noise Performance of Various Rubidium Standards

http://www.ke5fx.com/rb.htm

As ANYONE CAN SEE, the stability (1 sec) for several modern rubidium
clocks are 10 to 100 LOWER!! THAN the gross accuracy that the pair of
crooks published in 1972 (curiously 1 year after the original
publication, that had not such data).

How come did HK obtain such accuracy IF NOT BY TWO FACTORS:

1. They considered that lectors are gullible imbeciles and/or
accomplishes of this HOAX. After all, the US Naval Observatory gave them
$8,000 to pay the tickets, and facilitated the atomic clocks (running on
battery).

2. They cooked the data HEAVILY, dismissing crucial parameters like:

- Segmented flight path, far from linear circumvention of Earth at
Equator in just one segment.
- Accelerations, decelerations, different altitudes, heat, humidity,
electromagnetic influences, time involved on the ground, between flight
paths and more than 1 week before the east and west flights.
-Shocks suffered by manipulations at each segment, when the clocks were
loaded and unloaded from the planes and the time the clocks spent in
LOCAL, not acclimatized or blinded airport storage.

- NOT REVEALING HOW COME DID THEY MEASURED TIME ELAPSED IN NANOSECONDS
IN 1971. What that the IMPOSSIBLE CASE that the clocks had 12 digits
digital counters (nanoseconds displayed?) OR they just EXTRAPOLATED THE
DATA FROM THE REGULAR 5Mhz or 10 Mhz of these clocks (as it happens
since HP created the first one)?

FISHY EXPERIMENT. A HOAX PRESENTED TO THE PUBLIC IN TIMES THAT THE HYPE
ABOUT EINSTEIN HAD REVIVED?

Dishonest people looking for fame and money (for the US military and
academic labs), and ethically rotten to the core.

[LaurenceClarkCrossen]

Mr. Hertz: They must have falsely claimed higher accuracy than they
could have. That alone is sufficient grounds to discount the whole
experiment, as if common sense wasn't enough. Relativists haven't been
any more critical than the lectors. Relativity is phony as hell, as
shown by a little critical examination. Relativity is kooky as can be.

In the relativity formulas for the effect of gravity on the rate of
atomic clocks, the speed of light is included as though electromagnetism
has much to do with the rate of radioactive decay. The effect should not
require adjustment for the fictional time dilation.

[Paul.B.Andersen]

Post by rhertz
One important thing, which clearly shows the FARCE, are the stability
numbers for rubidium atomic clocks.
- Flying eastwards during 41 hours, and measuring a total difference of
59 nsec IMPLY a factor of 4E-13 in terms of ACCURACY.
- Flying westward during 65 hours, and measuring a total difference with
the ground clock of 270 nsec IMPLY a factor of 1.2E-12 in terms of
ACCURACY.

https://paulba.no/paper/Hafele_Keating.pdf

The _measured_ average drift of the four clocks was 8e-13.
But the drift of each clock was higher, so the precision
of the clocks was in the order 1e-12, or better.

But during 65 hours the uncertainty would be ±235 ns
so it would obviously be impossible to measure anything
with such a clock without some kind of calibration.

And of course Hafele and Keating knew that, they were not stupid
even if you think they were.

This was what they did:
Before the Eastward trip, they compared the clocks to the standard clock
at the US Naval Observatory (USNO) for 240 hours, and noted their drift.
They did the same for 150 hours between the trips, and again for 110
hours after the Westward trip.
This way they could interpolate the drift during the trips.

https://paulba.no/paper/Hafele_Keating.pdf
See fig.1 and fig.3 and READ the text!

When you criticise an experiment without having read the paper
_carefully_ you will only make a fool of yourself!

[ProkaryoticCaspaseHomolog]

On Sun, 15 Sep 2024 20:04:34 +0000, Paul.B.Andersen wrote:
(in response to Richard)

Post by Paul.B.Andersen
https://paulba.no/paper/Hafele_Keating.pdf
The _measured_ average drift of the four clocks was 8e-13.
But the drift of each clock was higher, so the precision
of the clocks was in the order 1e-12, or better.
But during 65 hours the uncertainty would be ±235 ns
so it would obviously be impossible to measure anything
with such a clock without some kind of calibration.
And of course Hafele and Keating knew that, they were not stupid
even if you think they were.
Before the Eastward trip, they compared the clocks to the standard clock
at the US Naval Observatory (USNO) for 240 hours, and noted their drift.
They did the same for 150 hours between the trips, and again for 110
hours after the Westward trip.
This way they could interpolate the drift during the trips.
https://paulba.no/paper/Hafele_Keating.pdf
See fig.1 and fig.3 and READ the text!

A serious complication that H&K needed to compensate for, is that
in addition to fluctuations in rate due to shot noise in the beam
tubes, early cesium clocks frequently exhibited "more or less well
defined quasi-permanent changes in rate. The times at which these
rate changes occur typically are separated by at least 2 or 3 days for
good clocks." Due to the stresses of travel, these random jumps in
rate occurred more frequently than for clocks in a stable laboratory
environment.

Fortunately, a time-honored technique exists for detecting and
compensating for rate glitches in otherwise stable clocks. This is the
technique of "correlated rate-change analysis", first used by Newcomb
in 1874 to detect changes in the Earth's rotational period.

During the 636 hours of the experiment
- H&K took over 5000 inter-clock comparisons while the clock was on
the ground as well as in flight.
- While on the ground, they took hourly comparisons of each clock with
USNO time.

Their continuous inter-clock comparisons enabled them to pinpoint the
times and magnitudes of the rate jumps for each clock.

To illustrate how correlated rate change analysis works, consider the
following made-up data from a hypothetical ensemble of three clocks.
Clock 0 initially runs a bit fast, while clocks 1 and 2 run a bit slow
compared with the ensemble mean. The following table presents, in
columnar format, data for the three clocks. The columns marked "t"
show hourly clock readings, which are compared with the ensemble means
to their right.

At a certain time during the run, one of the clocks exhibited a rate
change. Which clock exhibited the rate change, when did the rate
change occur, and did the clock speed up or slow down?

Clock 0 Clock 1 Clock 2
t mean t mean t mean
4 3.9650 4 4.0052 4 4.0294
5 4.9564 5 5.0065 5 5.0367
6 5.9478 6 6.0079 6 6.0441
7 6.9392 7 7.0093 7 7.0514
8 7.9306 8 8.0106 8 8.0588
9 8.9220 9 9.0120 9 9.0661
10 9.9134 10 10.0132 10 10.0732
11 10.9081 11 11.0129 11 11.0789
12 11.9028 12 12.0126 12 12.0845
13 12.8976 13 13.0123 13 13.0902
14 13.8923 14 14.0120 14 14.0959
15 14.8870 15 15.0117 15 15.1015
16 15.8817 16 16.0114 16 16.1072

I note that Richard considers himself to be an Excel expert. It is
quite easy to analyze this data using Excel. If Richard plots the
differences of each individual clock reading from the ensemble means,
then it should be apparent that at Hour 10, Clock 0 experienced a
rate slowdown of 0.5%. This caused the ensemble mean rate to decrease
by 0.17%. The result is that Clock 0 showed a net slowdown of 0.33%
relative to the ensemble mean, while Clocks 1 and 2 both showed a net
speed up of 0.17% relative to the ensemble mean.

Hafele and Keating used FOUR clocks rather than the three clocks in my
demonstration. This enabled them to resolve the rare instances where
two clocks might have glitched at the same time.

[rhertz]

Is the Hafele-keating experiment credible?

https://www.researchgate.net/post/Is-the-Hafele-keating-experiment-credible


Time Dilation and the Hafele and Keating Flight around the Earth

https://thescientificworldview.blogspot.com/2011/02/time-dilation-and-hafele-and-keating.html


There are plenty of critics available on the web. I only took the first
two links in the first page.

This comment exhibit it all:


Radwan M. Kassir
Dar Al-Handasah (Shair & Partners)

"The experiment had been a total failure due to the erratic behavior of
the clocks...
The upshot is that the 'data' presented by Hafele and Keating are an
embarrassment for science." ...

[LaurenceClarkCrossen]

Mr. Hertz: Only a complete fool would consider it credible at all.
Radwan M. Kassir is an excellent critic of relativist math in his book,
"Mathematical Conflicts in the Special Theory of Relativity," Third
Edition.

[Richard Hachel]

Post by LaurenceClarkCrossen
Mr. Hertz: Only a complete fool would consider it credible at all.
Radwan M. Kassir is an excellent critic of relativist math in his book,
"Mathematical Conflicts in the Special Theory of Relativity," Third
Edition.

If we push the mathematics of SR a little, and not much, we realize that
it does not hold up for a single instant, and that we find ourselves in
terrible absurdities.

But the most dramatic thing is not there, I have always said it: the most
dramatic thing is the fanatical belief in lousy mathematical concepts.

I am always surprised that no mathematician has ever shattered this true
theory, but explained by crazy physicists.

What is crazier than physicists who, telling us, that there is a
contraction of distances, that is to say that in Stella's frame of
reference (Langevin) the distance traveled on Stella's return is not 12
ly, but 7.2 ly.

Except that her proper time is 9 years. Which they admit.

Except that it is fixed in its frame of reference, and that it observes
the earth approaching it with an apparent speed of 4c.

Except that the fact of observing for 9 years a body moving with an
apparent speed of a speed of 4c, has never made that x = Vapp.tau = 7.2
al.

What to answer to Doctor Hachel? Nothing.

This is how from half-false, the theory of special relativity becomes
sordid.

Adding human arrogance to an imperfectly understood theory,
when theorists mastering their subject show its few imperfections and
misunderstandings, is sordid.

R.H.

[Python]

Post by LaurenceClarkCrossen
Mr. Hertz: Only a complete fool would consider it credible at all.
Radwan M. Kassir is an excellent critic of relativist math in his book,
"Mathematical Conflicts in the Special Theory of Relativity," Third
Edition.

If we push the mathematics of SR a little, and not much, we realize that it does
not hold up for a single instant, and that we find ourselves in terrible
absurdities.
But the most dramatic thing is not there, I have always said it: the most
dramatic thing is the fanatical belief in lousy mathematical concepts.
I am always surprised that no mathematician has ever shattered this true theory,
but explained by crazy physicists.
What is crazier than physicists who, telling us, that there is a contraction of
distances, that is to say that in Stella's frame of reference (Langevin) the
distance traveled on Stella's return is not 12 ly, but 7.2 ly.
Except that her proper time is 9 years. Which they admit.
Except that it is fixed in its frame of reference, and that it observes the
earth approaching it with an apparent speed of 4c.
Except that the fact of observing for 9 years a body moving with an apparent
speed of a speed of 4c, has never made that x = Vapp.tau = 7.2 al.
What to answer to Doctor Hachel? Nothing.

https://gitlab.com/python_431/cranks-and-physics/-/blob/main/Hachel/divagation_lengrand.pdf

<http://nemoweb.net/jntp?***@jntp/Data.Media:1>

This is definitely not "nothing" :-)

[Richard Hachel]

Post by Python

What is crazier than physicists who, telling us, that there is a contraction of
distances, that is to say that in Stella's frame of reference (Langevin) the
distance traveled on Stella's return is not 12 ly, but 7.2 ly.
Except that her proper time is 9 years. Which they admit.
Except that it is fixed in its frame of reference, and that it observes the
earth approaching it with an apparent speed of 4c.
Except that the fact of observing for 9 years a body moving with an apparent
speed of a speed of 4c, has never made that x = Vapp.tau = 7.2 al.
What to answer to Doctor Hachel? Nothing.

This is definitely not "nothing" :-)

IL faudrait quand même que certains posteurs cessent de dire n'importe
quoi.

Cela devient lassant.

R.H.

[Python]

Post by Python

What is crazier than physicists who, telling us, that there is a contraction of
distances, that is to say that in Stella's frame of reference (Langevin) the
distance traveled on Stella's return is not 12 ly, but 7.2 ly.
Except that her proper time is 9 years. Which they admit.
Except that it is fixed in its frame of reference, and that it observes the
earth approaching it with an apparent speed of 4c.
Except that the fact of observing for 9 years a body moving with an apparent
speed of a speed of 4c, has never made that x = Vapp.tau = 7.2 al.
What to answer to Doctor Hachel? Nothing.

This is definitely not "nothing" :-)

IL faudrait quand même que certains posteurs cessent de dire n'importe quoi.
Cela devient lassant.
R.H.

Check by yourself. You'll notice that I'm right :-)

[Python]

Post by Python

Post by Python

What is crazier than physicists who, telling us, that there is a contraction of
distances, that is to say that in Stella's frame of reference (Langevin) the distance
traveled on Stella's return is not 12 ly, but 7.2 ly.
Except that her proper time is 9 years. Which they admit.
Except that it is fixed in its frame of reference, and that it observes the
earth approaching it with an apparent speed of 4c.
Except that the fact of observing for 9 years a body moving with an apparent
speed of a speed of 4c, has never made that x = Vapp.tau = 7.2 al.
What to answer to Doctor Hachel? Nothing.

This is definitely not "nothing" :-)

IL faudrait quand même que certains posteurs cessent de dire n'importe quoi.
Cela devient lassant.
R.H.

Check by yourself. You'll notice that I'm right :-)

As expressed in the context that Dr. Lengrand didn't quote my article:
when both events are the starting/ending ones of a *full* inertial segment
the condition is not satisfied for the *full* return segment.

On the other hand this condition *is true* for any "small enough" segment
either on both part of the round-trip. Again, this is explicitely written.

I used to wonder if Hachel/Lengrand really missed the point, but given
how systematically he is ignoring *that very point* I started to wonder
if he's not just a fucking hypocrite.

I think he is :-P

Ignoring basic geometry is not a solution Richard...

[rhertz]

These links I've searched and found shine some light about the
technology used in the 1971 K-H experiment.

The Cs atomic clocks used were HP 5061A, built in 1969. I wanted to be
sure that THEY DIDN'T HAVE any digital counter able to present clock's
data with nanosecond, microsecond or even millisecond resolution. All
that they had was AN ANALOG CLOCK showing time with 1 SECOND RESOLUTION.

As it happens (by design) with atomic clocks, high frequency
oscillations of 133Cs (9,192,631,779 Hz) down to a compensated crystal
oscillator (typically at 5 Mhz or 10 Mhz, which have isolated outputs),
which frequency is divided by 5x10E+06 or 10E+07, to obtain a 1 Hertz
stabilized output, which feeds the ANALOG CLOCK.

You can see, in the pictures or the video, what is inside these HEAVY
clocks. Pure analog electronics, except for the synthesizer (to excite
the Cs chamber) or the dividers, to obtain 5/10 Mhz and 1 Hertz. The
HP5061A is full of DIALS and PRESETS, in order to make permanent
corrections to the readings at 5/10 Mhz, There are no outputs at the 9
Ghz oscillators, because for that epoch, frequency measurement (in real
time) at such range was directly NOT AVAILABLE YET. It would take
another 20 years to measure 10 Ghz without prescalers. WITH NANOSECONDS
RESOLUTION (12 digits on a display).

https://physicsmuseum.uq.edu.au/cesium-beam-frequency-standard-type-5061a


How an Atomic Clock Really Works: Inside the HP 5061A Cesium Clock

In the video, at 1:52, you can observe the complete path flights that
H-K performed.

In no case, information about WHAT THEY MEASURED to obtain nanoseconds
resolutions. In particular, NO DETAILS about how did they compensate the
DRIFTS in the four Cs clocks, or HOW they conciliated data with the
other TWO Cs clocks in Washington.

Interesting to observe the interior of such "primitive" HP clocks, and
the technology that's visible.


This link is for the 1971 publication:

http://webs.ftmc.uam.es/juancarlos.cuevas/Teaching/Hafele-Keating-Science-1972b.pdf

I QUOTE:

"However, no two "real" cesium beam
clocks keep precisely the same time,
even when located together in the laboratory,
but generally show systematic
rate (or frequency) differences which in
extreme cases may amount to time differences as large as 1 usec
per day. Because the relativistic time offsets expected in our
experiments
are only of the order of 0.1 usec per day (1, 4), any
such time divergences (or rate differences) must be taken into account.

A much more serious complication is
caused by the fact that the relative rates
for cesium beam clocks do not remain
precisely constant. In addition to short
term fluctuations in rate caused mainly
by shot noise in the beam tubes, cesium
beam clocks exhibit small but more
or less well defined quasi-permanent
changes in rate. The times at which
these rate changes occur typically are
separated by at least 2 or 3 days for
good clocks. Some clocks have been observed
in the laboratory to go as long as
several months without a rate change (2, 5).

These unpredictable changes in rate
produce the major uncertainty in our
results. Because of the nature of these
changes, however, their effect on the
observed time differences can be removed to a large extent in the data
analysis. Under normal conditions
changes in relative rates occur independently, that is, there are no
known
systematic correlations between rate changes of one clock and those of
another."



IF THE ABOVE IS NOT A DISCLAIMER for not being accountable of COOKING, I
don't know what it is.

Fishy, rotten, cooked experiment!

[Paul.B.Andersen]

Post by rhertz
The Cs atomic clocks used were HP 5061A, built in 1969. I wanted to be
sure that THEY DIDN'T HAVE any digital counter able to present clock's
data with nanosecond, microsecond or even millisecond resolution. All
that they had was AN ANALOG CLOCK showing time with 1 SECOND RESOLUTION.

My wristwatch has an analog display with 1 SECOND RESOLUTION.
By experience the precision is ~ 4 seconds/year.

So for a flight lasting a few days, Hafele and Keating could have
used my wristwatch in stead of HP 5061A.
Right?

Could it be that you have missed something, Richard? :-D

Post by rhertz
As it happens (by design) with atomic clocks, high frequency
oscillations of 133Cs (9,192,631,779 Hz) down to a compensated crystal
oscillator (typically at 5 Mhz or 10 Mhz, which have isolated outputs),
which frequency is divided by 5x10E+06 or 10E+07, to obtain a 1 Hertz
stabilized output, which feeds the ANALOG CLOCK.
You can see, in the pictures or the video, what is inside these HEAVY
clocks. Pure analog electronics, except for the synthesizer (to excite
the Cs chamber) or the dividers, to obtain 5/10 Mhz and 1 Hertz. The
HP5061A is full of DIALS and PRESETS, in order to make permanent
corrections to the readings at 5/10 Mhz, There are no outputs at the 9
Ghz oscillators, because for that epoch, frequency measurement (in real
time) at such range was directly NOT AVAILABLE YET. It would take
another 20 years to measure 10 Ghz without prescalers. WITH NANOSECONDS
RESOLUTION (12 digits on a display).
https://physicsmuseum.uq.edu.au/cesium-beam-frequency-standard-type-5061a
How an Atomic Clock Really Works: Inside the HP 5061A Cesium Clock
http://youtu.be/eOti3kKWX-c
In the video, at 1:52, you can observe the complete path flights that
H-K performed.

Is your point that the HP5061A doesn't work because it
contains "Pure analog electronics, except for the synthesizer"
and "is full of DIALS and PRESETS"?

Or what is your point?

Post by rhertz
In no case, information about WHAT THEY MEASURED to obtain nanoseconds
resolutions. In particular, NO DETAILS about how did they compensate the
DRIFTS in the four Cs clocks, or HOW they conciliated data with the
other TWO Cs clocks in Washington.

I see.
You have still not read the paper you quote parts of below.

Post by rhertz
http://webs.ftmc.uam.es/juancarlos.cuevas/Teaching/Hafele-Keating-Science-1972b.pdf
"However, no two "real" cesium beam
clocks keep precisely the same time,
even when located together in the laboratory,
but generally show systematic
rate (or frequency) differences which in
extreme cases may amount to time differences as large as 1 usec
per day. Because the relativistic time offsets expected in our
experiments
are only of the order of 0.1 usec per day (1, 4), any
such time divergences (or rate differences) must be taken into account.
A much more serious complication is
caused by the fact that the relative rates
for cesium beam clocks do not remain
precisely constant. In addition to short
term fluctuations in rate caused mainly
by shot noise in the beam tubes, cesium
beam clocks exhibit small but more
or less well defined quasi-permanent
changes in rate. The times at which
these rate changes occur typically are
separated by at least 2 or 3 days for
good clocks. Some clocks have been observed
in the laboratory to go as long as
several months without a rate change (2, 5).
These unpredictable changes in rate
produce the major uncertainty in our
results. Because of the nature of these
changes, however, their effect on the
observed time differences can be removed to a large extent in the data
analysis. Under normal conditions
changes in relative rates occur independently, that is, there are no
known
systematic correlations between rate changes of one clock and those of
another."

This quote is 1/3 of a page explaining the difficulties of
the measurements.
The following two pages you didn't read were about
how they overcame these difficulties and explained
in "DETAILS about how did they compensate the DRIFTS in
the four Cs clocks."

Remember this?

| On Sun, 15 Sep 2024 Paul.B.Andersen wrote:>
|> This was what they did:
|> Before the Eastward trip, they compared the clocks to the standard
|> clock at the US Naval Observatory (USNO) for 240 hours, and noted
|> their drift. They did the same for 150 hours between the trips,
|> and again for 110 hours after the Westward trip.
|> This way they could interpolate the drift during the trips.
|>
|> https://paulba.no/paper/Hafele_Keating.pdf
|> See fig.1 and fig.3 and READ the text!
|>
|> When you criticise an experiment without having read the paper
|> _carefully_ you will only make a fool of yourself!
|>

Post by rhertz
IF THE ABOVE IS NOT A DISCLAIMER for not being accountable of COOKING, I
don't know what it is.

Right. You don't know what it is.

[Richard Hachel]

Post by Python
when both events are the starting/ending ones of a *full* inertial segment
the condition is not satisfied for the *full* return segment.
On the other hand this condition *is true* for any "small enough" segment
either on both part of the round-trip. Again, this is explicitely written.
I used to wonder if Hachel/Lengrand really missed the point, but given
how systematically he is ignoring *that very point* I started to wonder
if he's not just a fucking hypocrite.
I think he is :-P
Ignoring basic geometry is not a solution Richard...

No more raving about Doppler effects.

Tu délires Jean-Pierre, et ton arrogance idiote t'aveugle.

R.H.

[Python]

Post by Richard Hachel

Post by Python
when both events are the starting/ending ones of a *full* inertial segment
the condition is not satisfied for the *full* return segment.
On the other hand this condition *is true* for any "small enough" segment
either on both part of the round-trip. Again, this is explicitely written.
I used to wonder if Hachel/Lengrand really missed the point, but given
how systematically he is ignoring *that very point* I started to wonder
if he's not just a fucking hypocrite.
I think he is :-P
Ignoring basic geometry is not a solution Richard...

No more raving about Doppler effects.

I'm not raving. You are :-)

[Maciej Wozniak]

Post by Python

Post by Richard Hachel

Post by Python
As expressed in the context that Dr. Lengrand didn't quote my
article: when both events are the starting/ending ones of a *full*
inertial segment
the condition is not satisfied for the *full* return segment.
On the other hand this condition *is true* for any "small enough" segment
either on both part of the round-trip. Again, this is explicitely written.
I used to wonder if Hachel/Lengrand really missed the point, but given
how systematically he is ignoring *that very point* I started to wonder
if he's not just a fucking hypocrite.
I think he is :-P
Ignoring basic geometry is not a solution Richard...

No more raving about Doppler effects.

I'm not raving.

Google keeps record, poor stinker.

[Richard Hachel]

De : James Clerk Maxwell
Sujet : Re: Python versus Trump

Ah?

Wasn't that the real James Clerk Maxwell?

R.H.

[Paul.B.Andersen]

Post by rhertz

Post by Paul.B.Andersen

Post by rhertz
One important thing, which clearly shows the FARCE, are the stability
numbers for rubidium atomic clocks.
- Flying eastwards during 41 hours, and measuring a total difference of
59 nsec IMPLY a factor of 4E-13 in terms of ACCURACY.
- Flying westward during 65 hours, and measuring a total difference with
the ground clock of 270 nsec IMPLY a factor of 1.2E-12 in terms of
ACCURACY.

https://paulba.no/paper/Hafele_Keating.pdf
The _measured_ average drift of the four clocks was 8e-13.
But the drift of each clock was higher, so the precision
of the clocks was in the order 1e-12, or better.
But during 65 hours the uncertainty would be ±235 ns
so it would obviously be impossible to measure anything
with such a clock without some kind of calibration.
And of course Hafele and Keating knew that, they were not stupid
even if you think they were.
Before the Eastward trip, they compared the clocks to the standard clock
at the US Naval Observatory (USNO) for 240 hours, and noted their drift.
They did the same for 150 hours between the trips, and again for 110
hours after the Westward trip.
This way they could interpolate the drift during the trips.
https://paulba.no/paper/Hafele_Keating.pdf
See fig.1 and fig.3 and READ the text!
When you criticise an experiment without having read the paper _carefully_ you will only make a fool of yourself!

Have you no comment to Hafele and Keating's paper?
Have you still not read it?

Post by rhertz
Is the Hafele-keating experiment credible?
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Is-the-Hafele-keating-experiment-credible

And what was the answer? :-D

Post by rhertz
Time Dilation and the Hafele and Keating Flight around the Earth
https://thescientificworldview.blogspot.com/2011/02/time-dilation-and-hafele-and-keating.html

A quote from Bill Howel's blog:

"In the conventional interpretation, it is believed that Hafele and
Keating proved that the east-bound clock slowed down by 59 nanoseconds
and that the west-bound clock sped up by 273 nanoseconds relative to a
clock in Washington. Even if true, this would be quite a shock. Einstein
claimed that all moving clocks are supposed to run slow with respect to
the observer. There should have been little difference between eastward
and westward travel."

No clue! :-D

Another quote:
"In the second interpretation, skeptics have considered the experiment
to have been a total failure due to the erratic behavior of the clocks
(e.g., Spencer and Shama, 1996; Kelly, 2000)."

Quote from Kelly's paper:
See fig 1 in:
https://paulba.no/paper/Hafele_Keating.pdf

"Drifts determined when the clocks were on the ground in Washington were
extrapolated across the time the clocks were in transit. Clock 408 was
about the worst: it lost time (L) before the eastward flight and gained
time (G) after the flight (Fig. 1). Clock 447 had the most consistent
drift rate, but it showed no significant gain or loss during both
flights (Fig. 1). On top of all this, Hafele and Keating had the
temerity to average this mess (bold dashed line in the center of Fig. 1)"

It's not clear why Kelly found this to be "a mess".

Kelly is a well known crank.
I have read several of his papers.
They are all quite naive.

Post by rhertz
There are plenty of critics available on the web. I only took the first
two links in the first page.

Of course there are.

Like there are plenty of critics of "the 9/11 was made by Al-Qaeda" theory.

[Richard Hachel]

R.H.: As long as the cause of the time dilation is relative motion per
se, then it will be necessarily self-contradictory.

I totally agree, it is obviously a huge blunder by physicists who, I
repeat, breathe, exhale, are making a huge blunder of incomprehension.
Physicists confuse time dilation and chronotropy dilation.
It is quite incredible that today, in 2024, we do not understand what I am
saying, because no one is making the effort to understand.

YOU, you confuse the two notions, and inevitably you find it absurd.

It is perfectly absurd, it is true, to think that the watch of two
speakers will beat continuously and reciprocally faster than the watch
opposite, and that at the meeting the two watches will mark the same time,
or worse, that each will be older than the other.

BUT ARE YOU ALL MORONS PHYSICISTS OR WHAT? ? ?

But you didn't understand anything, you didn't understand ANYTHING.

We breathe, we blow, we listen to the genius, we get the earwax out of our
ears.

It's not TIME that beats reciprocally less quickly on the other clock
(otherwise it's absurd on the way back), it's the internal CHRONOTROPY.

It's NOT the same thing.

To this chrootropy, we must add the crossed anisochrony (which is in first
degree relation with the distance).
And there, no more problem.

Stella is 18 years old and Terrence 30 for Stella.
And it's consistent, for Terrence, it's also Stella who is 18 years old,
and he who is 30.

I beg you.

I beg you to understand this phenomenon, and to stop, if possible, this
filthy dick contest which consists of denigrating everything I have said
for 40 years, for the simple pleasure of showing off your trilili which
you believe (Freud) is necessarily of an exceptional size compared to that
of others.

UNDERSTAND, and judge AFTERWARDS!

R.H.

[Python]

Post by Richard Hachel

R.H.: As long as the cause of the time dilation is relative motion per
se, then it will be necessarily self-contradictory.

I totally agree, it is obviously a huge blunder by physicists who, I
repeat, breathe, exhale, are making a huge blunder of incomprehension.
Physicists confuse time dilation and chronotropy dilation.
It is quite incredible that today, in 2024, we do not understand what I
am saying, because no one is making the effort to understand.
YOU, you confuse the two notions, and inevitably you find it absurd.
It is perfectly absurd, it is true, to think that the watch of two
speakers will beat continuously and reciprocally faster than the watch
opposite, and that at the meeting the two watches will mark the same
time, or worse, that each will be older than the other.
BUT ARE YOU ALL MORONS PHYSICISTS OR WHAT? ? ?
But you didn't understand anything, you didn't understand ANYTHING.
We breathe, we blow, we listen to the genius, we get the earwax out of
our ears.
It's not TIME that beats reciprocally less quickly on the other clock
(otherwise it's absurd on the way back), it's the internal CHRONOTROPY.
It's NOT the same thing.
To this chrootropy, we must add the crossed anisochrony (which is in
first degree relation with the distance).
And there, no more problem.
Stella is 18 years old and Terrence 30 for Stella.
And it's consistent, for Terrence, it's also Stella who is 18 years old,
and he who is 30.
I beg you.
I beg you to understand this phenomenon, and to stop, if possible, this
filthy dick contest which consists of denigrating everything I have said
for 40 years, for the simple pleasure of showing off your trilili which
you believe (Freud) is necessarily of an exceptional size compared to
that of others.
UNDERSTAND, and judge AFTERWARDS!

Ok! Done. You are a kook. So?

[LaurenceClarkCrossen]

R.H.: As long as the cause of the time dilation is relative motion per
se, then it will be necessarily self-contradictory.

[LaurenceClarkCrossen]

Mr. Hertz: What is not junk science about relativity? It's all nonsense;
LT, time dilation, mass-velocity relation, light affected by gravity
differently than everything else (because of curved space), equivalence
principle (as if gravity was inertial instead of accelerative),
Reimannian parallel lines meeting unproven, a cosmological constant to
hold the entropic universe up (because of the unwarranted assumption
that the universe is finite)...

[LaurenceClarkCrossen]

Mr. Hertz: What happened to our GPS expert skeptic at the Google Groups?

[rhertz]

I forgot to EMPHASIZE that the published values for SR and GR were
THEORETICAL, as it is impossible to measure each effect independently.
Same thing has been happening since 1971, in particular the paper
written for Galileo GNSS in 2017.

So, each theory is impossible to be verified experimentally by separate.
Even more, the total value that was (allegedly) measured is based on
complicated sets of partial data (for each segment of the flights),
which make the measurements very suspicious of MANIPULATIONS, in
particular due to the high dispersion of the final theoretical and
measured results (which are above +/- 50%).

That's why I called H-K experiment A FRAUD.


****************************************************************************
FINAL RESULTS, AS PUBLISHED IN 1972 IN SCIENCE MAGAZINE (values are in
nanoseconds)


Predicted for GR (eastward flight): +144 ± 14
Predicted for SR (eastward flight): -184 ± 18
THEORETICAL TOTAL EASTWARD FLIGHT: -40 ± 23
MEASURED TOTAL EASTWARD FLIGHT: -59 ± 10

Starting 4 October 1971, eastward flights lasted 65 hours, with 41
accumulated hours of flight.


Predicted for GR (westward flight): +179 ± 18
Predicted for SR (westward flight): +96 ± 10
THEORETICAL TOTAL WESTWARD FLIGHT: +275 ± 21
MEASURED TOTAL WESTWARD FLIGHT: +273 ± 7


After a week of vacations, and starting 13 October 1971, westward
flights lasted 80.3 hours, with 48.6 accumulated hours of flight.
****************************************************************************

[LaurenceClarkCrossen]

Mr. Hertz: The whole effect is gravitational without time dilation, so
what should be the formula?

[LaurenceClarkCrossen]

"On March 25, 1984, Louis Essen wrote Carl Zapffe as follows: “Dear Dr.
Zapffe, “I have enjoyed reading your entertaining book and appreciate
your kindness in sending me a copy. You obviously did an enormous amount
of reading for its preparation, and I have a feeling that you had a lot
of fun writing it and did not expect a rapturous reception. I enjoyed
writing my own little book (112 references), although it was outside my
field of work, and I was warned that would do my reputation a lot of
harm. My experience was rather similar to yours in securing publication,
and I decided that the only way was to avoid references. The booklet was
invited, as was a lecture I gave at the Royal Institution (Proceedings
of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, vol. 45, 1971, p. 141 ff.) My
criticisms were, of course, purely destructive, but I think the
demolition job was fairly complete. I concluded that the theory is not a
theory at all, but simply a number of contradictory assumptions together
with actual mistakes. The clock paradox, for example, follows from a
very obvious mistake in a thought experiment (in spite of the nonsense
written by relativists, Einstein had no idea of the units and
disciplines of measurement). There is really no more to be said about
the paradox, but many thousands of words have been written nevertheless.
In my view, these tend to confuse the issue."

[rhertz]

The 2017 Mudrak's formula was:

Δt/t = - GMe/c² (1/r - 1/a), where a = radius of Earth ; r = distance of
the raised clock to the center of Earth.

And that formula is ALMOST THE SAME as the one used in the
Hafele-Keating 1971 experiment.

Also, is ALMOST THE SAME as the one used in the Pound-Rebka 1961
experiment.

Finally, IS ALMOST THE SAME AS WRITTEN BY EINSTEIN IN HIS 1911 PAPER.

See how the crooks follow the dogmas of the cult? OBEY!!




For low heights, compared with Earth's radius, (1/r - 1/a) = h/c² (h is
the elevation from the ground).

Schwarzschild is present in any case, as this the part corresponding to
GR effects.

Crooks and imbecile all of them, but coherent in the same narrative.

[rhertz]

My mistake. The formula is:

(1/r - 1/a) = h/r²

[LaurenceClarkCrossen]

Mr. Hertz: For the clock to run faster in space, its decay rate must
increase. That has nothing to do with c^2.

[rhertz]

To Paul and Lawrence: I´ll try to explain ONE MORE TIME why the H-K
experiment was a massive FRAUD.

PART 1: Data from the two flights (multiple segments):

FINAL RESULTS, AS PUBLISHED IN 1972 IN SCIENCE MAGAZINE (values are in
nanoseconds)

1.1 Starting 4 October 1971, eastward flights lasted 65 hours, with 41
accumulated hours of flight.

Predicted for GR (eastward flight): +144 ± 14
Predicted for SR (eastward flight): -184 ± 18
THEORETICAL TOTAL EASTWARD FLIGHT: -40 ± 23
MEASURED TOTAL EASTWARD FLIGHT: -59 ± 10


1.2 Starting 13 October 1971, westward flights lasted 80.3 hours, with
48.6 accumulated hours of flight.
Predicted for GR (westward flight): +179 ± 18
Predicted for SR (westward flight): +96 ± 10
THEORETICAL TOTAL WESTWARD FLIGHT: +275 ± 21
MEASURED TOTAL WESTWARD FLIGHT: +273 ± 7


2. INSTRUMENTS USED FOR THE EXPERIMENT

- 6 HP 5060 A (laboratory model, not the portable HP 5061 A)

- 2 HP 5060 A for the eastward flights (several segments, with many
take-off, landing and delays).
- 2 different HP 5060 A Cs atomic clocks for the westward flights.
- 2 different HP 5060 A Cs atomic clocks (reference), located in
Washington D.C.)

- 2 HP 5360A Time Measurement instruments, one used by H-K in their
flights, and the other used in
the Naval Observatory Lab (Washington D.C.).

The main objective of these two HP 5360 A was TO MEASURE THE SHORT
DIFFERENCES IN TIME from each of
the THREE PAIRS of HP 5060 A, by taking (and storing, written at hand,
more than 5,000 single shot
measurements. This data was used TO STATISTICALLY CALIBRATE (to cook)
differences of time on each
pair of atomic clocks (4 used in the planes, and two in Washington
D.C.).

3. WHERE IS THE MAIN HOAX OF THE EXPERIMENT?

Have VERY PRESENT that the two pairs of traveling clocks HAD NO
MECHANISMS INVOLVED for real time
comparison with the pair of reference clocks in Washington D.C.

The above paragraph IS CRUCIAL TO UNDERSTAND WHY THE EXPERIMENT WAS AN
HOAX, being the perpetrators FREE TO ACCOMMODATE THE RECOLLECTED DATA
ONLY WHEN THE EXPERIMENT FINISHED, and the SIX CLOCKS were
sent to the Naval Observatory (145.3 hours PLUS 1 week between east and
west flights. Total: 313 hours).

Then, and ONLY THEN, with the six atomic clocks side by side in the lab,
A COMPARISON OF TIME DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE REFERENCE PAIR AND EACH SET
OF TRAVELING CLOCKS COULD BE PERFORMED (at will).

I REMARK THIS: There was NO WAY to know (in real time) the differences
in time between the flying clocks and the reference clocks. OTHERWISE,
they would (proudly) have been presented the EVOLUTION of the
differences as time and distance accumulated during the 313 hours that
the experiment lasted.

To that time, add many more hours for the lab setup, in order to measure
each traveling clock with the reference clocks.

What they obtained was a HUGE AMOUNT OF DATA (5,000+ onboard
measurements, plus an equivalent amount for the clocks in the lab),
which HAD TO BE PROCESSED in order to present it (as a summary) ONE YEAR
AFTER.

To obtain the "MEASUREMENTS" for each flight (east, west), THEORETICAL
ASSERTIONS had to be used to
separate the "measured data", and split it INTO TWO SEPARATE FICTITIOUS
MEASUREMENTS, which never existed.

The above is based on the CRUEL REALITY BEHIND THE EXPERIMENT, which is
that NO REAL TIME COMMUNICATION EXISTED BETWEEN THE SIX CLOCKS. Only ONE
VALUE, OBTAINED AFTER THE EXPERIMENT WAS DONE.


If any of you, relativists, can't understand the above explanations, I
strongly suggest that you find another hobby that do not require BLIND
FAITH IN WHAT IS PUBLISHED. Plus, a new IQ test could help you to
understand the capabilities of your minds a little more.

THINK!!

DON'T JUST BELIEVE. THINK!!

[rhertz]

CORRECTION TO MY POST ABOVE (a single mistake):

H-K used FOUR ATOMIC CLOCKS (two for eastward flights and another two
for the westward flights).

Once the eastward flights finished, the first two HP 5060 A were
dispatched to the lab at Washington D.C.

H&K waited for one week to receive and accommodate A NEW PAIR of HP 5060
A Cs atomic clocks, before starting the westward flights.


I figured out this once I posted above, when thinking why they invested
one week between flights.

So, my correction is: Both segments (east, west) could be measured
separately.

What remains is the core of the hoax: They invested about 1 year (1972)
to publish the TOTAL DIFFERENCE, but they hadn't any means to
communicate data in real time, so the differences could be computed
second by second, if you will.

It's similar to the case of GPS, as the time differences (or frequency)
between satellites and ground stations CAN´T (WON´T) be known in real
time. Actually, this could happen by using digital encoding and
transmissions, which would be an undisputed proof of SR/GR. But this is
not happening FOR A REASON.

[rhertz]

CORRECTION TO MY PREVIOUS CORRECTION (I forgot to get the picture
completely):


And a disclaimer: I have a problem when posting, besides that English is
not my native tongue.

When I have an idea about a post, I write the entire post in a
"feed-forward" mode. This means that I write the post entirely, and I
DON'T REVISIT IT. It's a problem that I have had since ever, which
causes that I discover mistakes in my previous comments ONCE I press
PUBLISH.

I don't regret this way of being, and even like it. I always considered
that information is consolidated through successive steps of refinement,
and I allow myself to write (or speak) in an "open-loop" mode, and
corrections will be made (if necessary) in further steps. Those who knew
my way of doing didn´t mind because the final result of my thoughts were
highly accurate.

IN THIS CASE, I forgot to account A THIRD FLIGHT WESTWARDS, once the
first eastward stage was complete.

But, bringing the two first clocks to Washington WOULD HAVE CONTAIN THE
ENTIRE "ALLEGED TIME DILATION", something that DIDN'T HAPPEN to the
second pair of clocks used in the westward flight to U.S.


CONCLUSION: THERE WAS NO SEPARATE MEASUREMENT FOR THE EASTWARD FLIGHT.
Bringing the clocks back to US would accumulate the WESTWARD EFFECT,
plus the eastward effect.

With the second pair of atomic clocks, flying WESTWARD, the measurements
at the US lab would have the info of that segment of the trip. So, only
the second pair of clocks could have allowed the westward difference BY
SEPARATE.

I can imagine that those crooks used the info measured in the lab for
the westward clocks, and SUBSTRACTED such value from the time data
accumulated in the first pair (more cooking).

Now, I consider my explanation COMPLETE.

[LaurenceClarkCrossen]

Mr. Hertz: Then, they primarily relied on the clock readings at the
beginning and end of the experiment compared with the reference clocks,
allowing the possibility of errors at intervening intervals from various
causes. Thus, they lack the comparisons with reference clocks at each
significant interval that may be telling. It was, overall, a very
inaccurate experiment.

From my perspective, the question of alleged causation for SR and GR is
absurd.

Time dilation is illogical nonsense involving the reification fallacy,
so any result allegedly confirming it is pure chance, and knowing the
sociological factors in relativity, pure confirmation bias.

Gravitational effects on atomic clocks have nothing to do with
relativity.

Sorry, I can't offer more than that.

[rhertz]

Lawrance, thanks for your support and understanding of my later posts.


*************************************************************************
Mr. Hertz: Then, they primarily relied on the clock readings at the
beginning and end of the experiment compared with the reference clocks,
allowing the possibility of errors at intervening intervals from various
causes. Thus, they lack the comparisons with reference clocks at each
significant interval that may be telling. It was, overall, a very
inaccurate experiment.

*************************************************************************

You got it almost right.

The pair of clocks used in the eastward segment accumulated the entire
difference
when they were sent to Washington (alleged eastward + westward travels).

The second pair of clocks, used for the final westward trip had ONLY
such alleged
time difference, so they only had the alleged difference of the return
trip to Washington.

Consider that the second pair of HP 5060 A were sent with POWER OFF, so
they didn't have
the eastward alleged difference (this is my reasoning).

To turn on an HP 5060 A Cs atomic clock, it's necessary to warm them up
for more than 24 hours,
so they could reach a stable state. For this, and another reasons, H & K
had to wait 1 week to
begin the westward flight to Washington (like waiting the clocks to
arrive to the Far East location).

Another INCONVENIENCE was at WHICH TIME did they set both clocks, once
the warm-up was finished.

They HAD NO MEANS to synchronize the second pair with the reference pair
at Washington D.C.
This introduces ANOTHER INCOGNITO in such fishy experiment, because they
couldn't set the time with
MORE THAN 1 SECOND ACCURACY. Forget then that they had the chance to get
sync AT THE NANOSECOND LEVEL.


So, the STATISTICAL MANIPULATION OF DATA IS EXTRAORDINARY, but you don't
read about these "problems"
ANYWHERE at their publications.

Because Hafele and the representant of the US Naval Observatory WANTED
THAT THE MANUFACTURED DATA
verified Einstein's theories of SR/GR.


I hope that the above clarifications can explain, crystal clear, why I
called the experiment AN HOAX.

Of course, DENIAL is a very strong attitude. You'll see how relativists
jump to post ANY ABSURD EXCUSE
in order to make such crappy experiment a triumph of Einstein's
theories, as it has been happening every time since WWII ended. Another
FRAUD is the Pound-Rebka experiment using gamma rays from 57Fe (1961).

ALL THE EXPERIMENTS PROVING THAT EINSTEIN'S GR IS CORRECT ARE JUST PLAIN
FRAUD surrounded by complicity of the specialized media and relativist
academia.

Why? I have a very clear opinion, which I sustained for the last 5 years
on the other forum.

[LaurenceClarkCrossen]

Mr. Hertz: I thoroughly agree even with the negative characterizations
of motives. The Referee process in journals is dirty as hell. However,
we can always politely call it confirmation bias.

[LaurenceClarkCrossen]

Mr. Hertz: A pedestrian step backward:

The speed of the planes relative to the Earth's surface:
Flying eastward: 160 mph + 1,037.5646 = 1197.5646 mph.
Flying westward: 1,037.5646- 160= 877.5646 mph
Total difference: 320 mph.

How can this difference in speed cause a difference in signs? It cannot.

The speed of the planes relative to each other:
2 x 1037.5646 = 2075.1292 + 320= 2395 mph.

How can this difference in speed cause a difference in signs? It cannot.

By the way, special relativity is about uniform linear motion.

[ProkaryoticCaspaseHomolog]

Post by rhertz
H-K used FOUR ATOMIC CLOCKS (two for eastward flights and another two
for the westward flights).
Once the eastward flights finished, the first two HP 5060 A were
dispatched to the lab at Washington D.C.
H&K waited for one week to receive and accommodate A NEW PAIR of HP 5060
A Cs atomic clocks, before starting the westward flights.

======================================================================

ALL FOUR CLOCKS were used for both sets of flights. You need at least
three clocks, and preferably more, to perform correlated rate change
analysis.

Haven't you read my description of the technique?

Reread the papers. You've descended into complete fantasy here.

======================================================================

[LaurenceClarkCrossen]

Proc: Relativity is the total fantasy of fools.

[rhertz]

======================================================================


ALL FOUR CLOCKS were used for both sets of flights. You need at least
three clocks, and preferably more, to perform correlated rate change
analysis.


Haven't you read my description of the technique?


Reread the papers. You've descended into complete fantasy here.


======================================================================


Let me know HOW DID THEY SEPARATE THE DATA FROM EASTWARD AND WESTWARD
FLIGHTS by using the SAME clocks, without real time interconnection with
Washington?

You HAVE TO think deeper about the complete setup for the experiment.
Your thinking fail at many levels: measuring each path separately and
the statistical manipulations that were used AFTER the experiment.

If four clocks were used, how did they extract the data regarding
eastward and westward flights, if the separate path (east-west) CAN'T BE
DISTINGUISHED, because the four clocks accumulated the data of the whole
trip? Did they use some theoretical formulae to do so, plus the
statistical manipulation?

The experiment IS NOT CREDIBLE. It was a FRAUD, and relativists
celebrated it, because they are willing to buy anything that led to say
"Einstein was right".

Make sense, please.


Read this critic:
**********************************************************************************************
Critical Reflection on the Hafele and Keating Experiment
Witold Nawrot
Hungarian Academy of Science

https://www.kritik-relativitaetstheorie.de/2013/06/critical-reflection-on-the-hafele-and-keating-experiment/

EXCERPT:

The derivation of formulae in the Hafele and Keating experiment had
intuitive character and, as the final formula shows, the intuition does
not disappoint the authors. However, this intuitive derivation only
works for the rotational motion of the Earth around its axis. It is not
valid for any other rotational motions.

Of course the time dilation effect, which Hafele and Keating tried to
measure many years ago, is now applied in the GPS navigation, but the
fact of publishing and accepting the erroneous theory and the
unsatisfactory experimental part in the most renowned physical journals
[4,5] forces us to reflect on the understanding of the Relativity Theory
and perhaps to take a closer look at other experiments from the RT area,
as well as from the other branches of physics.

The experiment performed in the way described above has no scientific
value and the derivation of any additional ideas on the basis of this
experiment can lead to false conclusions.

References:

W. Nawrot, Phys. Essays 17, 518 (2004)
A.G. Kelly, Phys. Essays 13, 616 (2000)
D. E. Spencer, U. Shama Proc. International Scientific Congress
„Fundamental Problems of Natural Science and Engineering”
Saint-Petersburg, Russia 2002
J.C. Hafele, Nature 227, 270 (1970)
J.C. Hafele and R.E. Keating, Science 177, 166 (1972)

*************************************************************************************

[rhertz]

Now you have 12 atomic clocks involved.

Check this out:

https://scienceready.com.au/pages/time-dilation-and-length-contraction



EXCERPT:

**********************************************************************************************
Hafele-Keating Experiment
In 1971, Joseph Hafele and Richard Keating deonstrated time dilation
using caesium-beam atomic clocks.

Twelve clocks were used in total. Four clocks were flown on a plane in
an eastward direction, four were flown in a westward direction, and the
last four remained on Earth. After being flown twice around Earth, the
times on the three groups of clocks were compared.

Hafele keating experiment result

The atomic clocks, flown eastward, moved slower (as observed from an
Earth-bound observer) and consequently 'lost time'. In other words, a
shorter time elapsed on these clocks compared to those on Earth.

In contrast, the atomic clocks flown westward, moved faster and gained
time. In other words, a longer time elapsed on these clocks compared to
those on Earth.

This experiment is not the best to discuss as evidence for special
relativity as the effects of general relativity also affects the
experimental data. However, after the effect of general relativity are
accounted for, the observed differences in time were consistent with
predictions made using time dilation equations.
*************************************************************************************************



Maybe you can find any other site that talks about 16 or 24 clocks
involved.

Disinformation techniques plus stupidity are major attributes of
relativists behaviors.

[ProkaryoticCaspaseHomolog]

Post by rhertz
Now you have 12 atomic clocks involved.

There were 4 traveling clocks, identified by serial number in
Fig. 1 of H&K's results paper: 361, 408, 447 and 120.

From Fig 1, it should be obvious that while on the ground at
home, they continuously compared the clocks against USNO time
(as well as against each other). While in the air and during
short layovers in different cities of the world, they could
not compare against USNO, but they did continue the regular
inter-comparisons of the clocks against each other.

Most of what you have written about how you believe H&K
collected their data is sheer fantasy.

[ProkaryoticCaspaseHomolog]

Post by ProkaryoticCaspaseHomolog

Post by rhertz
Now you have 12 atomic clocks involved.

There were 4 traveling clocks, identified by serial number in
Fig. 1 of H&K's results paper: 361, 408, 447 and 120.
From Fig 1, it should be obvious that while on the ground at
home, they continuously compared the clocks against USNO time
(as well as against each other). While in the air and during
short layovers in different cities of the world, they could
not compare against USNO, but they did continue the regular
inter-comparisons of the clocks against each other.
Most of what you have written about how you believe H&K
collected their data is sheer fantasy.

======================================================================
Page 170: "We recorded the differences in the times indicated by each
member of the flying ensemble at regular intervals before, during, and
after each trip, that is, thoughout the entire data period. An
analysis of these data revealed the times and magnitudes for
correlated changes during each trip."

Please reread the first paragraph on page 170 which starts, "A
hypothetical example may help to follow the logic of this method."

If you didn't follow my earlier description of correlated rate-change
analysis, perhaps their detailed description will help. "Therefore,
time intercomparison data for an ensemble of three or more clocks
permit reconstruction of their rate change behavior relative to
MEAN(USNO) without actual comparisons with MEAN(USNO), and the greater
the number of clocks in the ensemble, the more redundant and self-
consistent the procedure becomes."
======================================================================

[Maciej Wozniak]

Post by ProkaryoticCaspaseHomolog
Page 170: "We recorded the differences in the times indicated by each
member of the flying ensemble at regular intervals before, during, and
after each trip, that is, thoughout the entire data period. An
analysis of these data revealed the times and magnitudes for
correlated changes during each trip."

And in the meantime in the real world -
forbidden by your insane church "improper"
GPS clocks keep measuring t'=t, just like all
serious clocks always did.

[rhertz]

It's incredible what I have to read from you and Paul.

It's like to discuss politics with fanatic democrats, or with right-wing
liberals here in Argentina.

You both DON'T THINK about the main problem to sustain your positions.
You both REPEAT what was written in a paper that tried to save face in
1971/72. Even facing ELEMENTARY INFORMATION about the impossibility of
establish a link over 15,000 miles (1971) between H-K and the USNO, you
both ARE IN FULL DENIAL.

Let me try one more time, explaining it to you AS IF YOU BOTH HAD 5
YEARS:

1) This document provides details about each segment of the flights:

https://www.masterclock.com/cmss_files/attachmentlibrary/Archived-papers/Performance-and-Results-of-Portable-Clocks-in-Aircraft-1971.pdf

2) Take the data of the eastward flights:


Day Location
04 USNO D
05 Dulles D (Pan Am 747)
London A3 (*Pan Am 707)
Frankfurt
Istanbul
Beirut
Tehran
New Delhi
06 Bangkok
Hong Kong
Tokyo (*Pan Am 747)
Honolulu
07 Los Angeles *AA 707)
Dallas
Dulles
USNO return

Trip time 65.42 hours.
Rel time gain -40 nsec (loss).

3) The eastward flight started and finished in Washington (USNO). In NO
CASE, any information was exchanged between the flights and the USNO.

Only when the eastward flight finished in the same place as it departed,
comparisons were made at the USNO.

The same thing happened with the westward flight.

3) The 40 nsec loss was accumulated DURING 65.42 hours. It´s about 0.61
nsec/hour, which accumulated during the entire path (USNO --> USNO).

There was NO TECHNOLOGY AVAILABLE TO SEND THE READINGS OF THE CLOCKS,
FROM THE DIFFERENT AIRPORTS TO THE USNO that could have the precision to
account for NANOSECONDS lost on each stage (about -8nsec/stage).

No HF link or satellite link could have provided such precision at each
stage, considering HOW PRIMITIVE were the communications in 1971.
Geostationary satellites were a novelty, and the delay involved using
them was no less than 240 milliseconds. With this level of delay for ONE
SATELLITE JUMP, considering other random delays, measuring remotely -8
nsec/segment WAS IMPOSSIBLE.

And even today, repeating the experiment using real time data exchange
is beyond the capabilities of current technology (forget using GPS).

4) So, the DIFFERENCES between USNO clocks and H-K clocks could be
measured ONLY once ALL THE CLOCKS were placed side by side in the USNO,
once each flight finished.

Read the Hafele paper that I cited above, and stop talking nonsense
about INTERMEDIATE data exchange with the USNO. IT DIDN'T HAPPEN.


If the above don't penetrate in your thick skulls, you both are beyond
cure. Find another hobby.











**************************************************************
There were 4 traveling clocks, identified by serial number in
Fig. 1 of H&K's results paper: 361, 408, 447 and 120.

From Fig 1, it should be obvious that while on the ground at
home, they continuously compared the clocks against USNO time
(as well as against each other). While in the air and during
short layovers in different cities of the world, they could
not compare against USNO, but they did continue the regular
inter-comparisons of the clocks against each other.

Most of what you have written about how you believe H&K
collected their data is sheer fantasy.
*************************************************************

[ProkaryoticCaspaseHomolog]

Post by rhertz
It's incredible what I have to read from you and Paul.
It's like to discuss politics with fanatic democrats, or with right-wing
liberals here in Argentina.
You both DON'T THINK about the main problem to sustain your positions.
You both REPEAT what was written in a paper that tried to save face in
1971/72. Even facing ELEMENTARY INFORMATION about the impossibility of
establish a link over 15,000 miles (1971) between H-K and the USNO, you
both ARE IN FULL DENIAL.

(FACEPALM)

They didn't try.

Look at Fig. 1 on page 169. They did comparisons with USNO while they
were on the ground in the United States between hours 0-240, 300-450,
and 530-650. During the Eastward and Westward flights they had no
contact with USNO, neither in the air, nor while they were on the
ground along the way.

Before, after, and during the flights, they made continuous clock
inter-comparison. These continuous clock inter-comparisons allowed
them to detect and compensate for clock glitches.

Post by rhertz
There was NO TECHNOLOGY AVAILABLE TO SEND THE READINGS OF THE CLOCKS,
FROM THE DIFFERENT AIRPORTS TO THE USNO that could have the precision to
account for NANOSECONDS lost on each stage (about -8nsec/stage).

Before, after, and during the flights, they made continuous clock
inter-comparison. These continuous clock inter-comparisons allowed
them to detect and compensate for clock glitches.

Post by rhertz
No HF link or satellite link could have provided such precision at each
stage, considering HOW PRIMITIVE were the communications in 1971.
Geostationary satellites were a novelty, and the delay involved using
them was no less than 240 milliseconds. With this level of delay for ONE
SATELLITE JUMP, considering other random delays, measuring remotely -8
nsec/segment WAS IMPOSSIBLE.

Before, after, and during the flights, they made continuous clock
inter-comparison. These continuous clock inter-comparisons allowed
them to detect and compensate for clock glitches.

Post by rhertz
And even today, repeating the experiment using real time data exchange
is beyond the capabilities of current technology (forget using GPS).

Before, after, and during the flights, they made continuous clock
inter-comparison. These continuous clock inter-comparisons allowed
them to detect and compensate for clock glitches.

Post by rhertz
4) So, the DIFFERENCES between USNO clocks and H-K clocks could be
measured ONLY once ALL THE CLOCKS were placed side by side in the USNO,
once each flight finished.

THEY WERE SIDE BY SIDE THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE EXPERIMENT, AND
WERE CONTINUOUSLY COMPARED WITH EACH OTHER.

Post by rhertz
Read the Hafele paper that I cited above, and stop talking nonsense
about INTERMEDIATE data exchange with the USNO. IT DIDN'T HAPPEN.

(FACEPALM)

OF COURSE IT DIDN'T HAPPEN!!!!

Post by rhertz
********* PLEASE RE-READ ************************************
There were 4 traveling clocks, identified by serial number in
Fig. 1 of H&K's results paper: 361, 408, 447 and 120.
From Fig 1, it should be obvious that while on the ground at
home, they continuously compared the clocks against USNO time
(as well as against each other). While in the air and during
short layovers in different cities of the world, they could
not compare against USNO, but they did continue the regular
inter-comparisons of the clocks against each other.
Most of what you have written about how you believe H&K
collected their data is sheer fantasy.
*************************************************************

[rhertz]

******
Before, after, and during the flights, they made continuous clock
inter-comparison. These continuous clock inter-comparisons allowed
them to detect and compensate for clock glitches.

Before, after, and during the flights, they made continuous clock
inter-comparison. These continuous clock inter-comparisons allowed
them to detect and compensate for clock glitches.

******
Before, after, and during the flights, they made continuous clock
inter-comparison. These continuous clock inter-comparisons allowed
them to detect and compensate for clock glitches.

******
Before, after, and during the flights, they made continuous clock
inter-comparison. These continuous clock inter-comparisons allowed
them to detect and compensate for clock glitches.

******
Before, after, and during the flights, they made continuous clock
inter-comparison. These continuous clock inter-comparisons allowed
them to detect and compensate for clock glitches.
******


You are behaving as a parrot, which can repeat endlessly the same, but
you DON'T UNDERSTAND WHAT YOU WRITE (or DON'T WANT TO UNDERSTAND).

Your "facepalm" is a sign of your absolute DENIAL about facts WRITTEN BY
HAFELE HIMSELF!!! (facepalm).

You persist talking about bananas, and I'm talking about oranges!

Again:


1) They realized more than 4,500 measurements (using HP 5063 A) of the
differences between the FLYING CLOCKS, not against USNO CLOCKS!

2) The ONLY MEASUREMENT ABOUT THE AVERAGE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE FLYING
CLOCKS AND THE TWO CLOCKS LOCATED AT THE USNO (WASHINGTON) was performed
ONLY at the USNO lab, before and AFTER each flight finished!!

3) NO REAL TIME MEASUREMENTS BETWEEN THE USNO REFERENCE CLOCKS AND THE
FLYING CLOCKS WERE MADE DURING THE FLIGHTS, BECAUSE IT WAS (AND STILL
IS) TECHNOLOGICALLY IMPOSSIBLE, DUE TO THE TINY DIFFERENCES (NSEC)
BETWEEN BOTH ENSEMBLES.

TO ACHIEVE SUCH INFO EXCHANGE, A GLOBAL NETWORK FOR TIME SHOULD HAVE
EXISTED, IN ORDER TO DISCOUNT THE TRAVEL TIME OF THE DATA BETWEEN (I.E.)
TOKIO AND WASHINGTON! EVEN TODAY, USING GPS SYNC AND 1-WAY MICROWAVE
LINKS (THROUGH SATELLITES) WOULD FAIL, BECAUSE THE GLOBAL GPS TIME HAS
AN AVERAGE SYNC TIME OF +/- 10 NANOSECONDS (ALMOST 25% OF THE
DIFFERENCE).

WHY DO YOU PERSIST INSISTING ON THIS?

******
Before, after, and during the flights, they made continuous clock
inter-comparison. These continuous clock inter-comparisons allowed
them to detect and compensate for clock glitches.
******

THESE ARE NOT MEASUREMENT BETWEEN USNO CLOCKS AND H-K CLOCKS, FOR GOD'S
SAKE!!

I reminded your endless discussions with Dono about your article. Not
that Dono is someone that I like, but he's A SOLID EE (AND YOU'RE NOT).

As far as I remember, you are a programmer, not an EE. The know-how of
an EE with decades of experience in communications CAN'T BE REPLACED
with someone with a logical mind (you), but skilled ONLY in SW.

[ProkaryoticCaspaseHomolog]

Post by rhertz
You are behaving as a parrot, which can repeat endlessly the same, but
you DON'T UNDERSTAND WHAT YOU WRITE (or DON'T WANT TO UNDERSTAND)

Actually, it is ***YOU*** who insists on not understanding.

Post by rhertz
Your "facepalm" is a sign of your absolute DENIAL about facts WRITTEN BY
HAFELE HIMSELF!!! (facepalm).
You persist talking about bananas, and I'm talking about oranges!
1) They realized more than 4,500 measurements (using HP 5063 A) of the
differences between the FLYING CLOCKS, not against USNO CLOCKS!
2) The ONLY MEASUREMENT ABOUT THE AVERAGE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE FLYING
CLOCKS AND THE TWO CLOCKS LOCATED AT THE USNO (WASHINGTON) was performed
ONLY at the USNO lab, before and AFTER each flight finished!!

They didn't measure only the differences immediately before and after
each flight, but took hours of measurements so that they knew how the
clocks were drifting before and after each flight.

This was important information.

Post by rhertz
3) NO REAL TIME MEASUREMENTS BETWEEN THE USNO REFERENCE CLOCKS AND THE
FLYING CLOCKS WERE MADE DURING THE FLIGHTS, BECAUSE IT WAS (AND STILL
IS) TECHNOLOGICALLY IMPOSSIBLE, DUE TO THE TINY DIFFERENCES (NSEC)
BETWEEN BOTH ENSEMBLES.

You need to understand that there are there were two main types of
error that H&K needed to contend with:
1) Shot noise which caused a "Brownian motion" type of timing drift.
2) MUCH MORE SERIOUS were rate glitches which occured unpredictably
both on the ground and during the flight.

By taking many intercomparison readings between the clocks, they could
detect (or rather, their software could detect) when the rate glitches
occurred and the magnitudes of these rate glitches.

Post by rhertz
TO ACHIEVE SUCH INFO EXCHANGE, A GLOBAL NETWORK FOR TIME SHOULD HAVE
EXISTED, IN ORDER TO DISCOUNT THE TRAVEL TIME OF THE DATA BETWEEN (I.E.)
TOKIO AND WASHINGTON! EVEN TODAY, USING GPS SYNC AND 1-WAY MICROWAVE
LINKS (THROUGH SATELLITES) WOULD FAIL, BECAUSE THE GLOBAL GPS TIME HAS
AN AVERAGE SYNC TIME OF +/- 10 NANOSECONDS (ALMOST 25% OF THE
DIFFERENCE).
WHY DO YOU PERSIST INSISTING ON THIS?

Why do you presist in deluding yourself that I believe such nonsense?

Post by rhertz
******
Before, after, and during the flights, they made continuous clock
inter-comparison. These continuous clock inter-comparisons allowed
them to detect and compensate for clock glitches.
******
THESE ARE NOT MEASUREMENT BETWEEN USNO CLOCKS AND H-K CLOCKS, FOR GOD'S
SAKE!!

Of course not. But these measurements allowed them to figure out what
was going on with the clocks while the clocks were in flight. Extensive
characterization of clock behavior before and after the flights while
the clocks were in Washington allowed them to establish "ground truth."

Post by rhertz
I reminded your endless discussions with Dono about your article. Not
that Dono is someone that I like, but he's A SOLID EE (AND YOU'RE NOT).
As far as I remember, you are a programmer, not an EE. The know-how of
an EE with decades of experience in communications CAN'T BE REPLACED
with someone with a logical mind (you), but skilled ONLY in SW.

[rhertz]

*****************************************************
TO ACHIEVE SUCH INFO EXCHANGE, A GLOBAL NETWORK FOR TIME SHOULD HAVE

Post by rhertz
EXISTED, IN ORDER TO DISCOUNT THE TRAVEL TIME OF THE DATA BETWEEN (I.E.)
TOKIO AND WASHINGTON! EVEN TODAY, USING GPS SYNC AND 1-WAY MICROWAVE
LINKS (THROUGH SATELLITES) WOULD FAIL, BECAUSE THE GLOBAL GPS TIME HAS
AN AVERAGE SYNC TIME OF +/- 10 NANOSECONDS (ALMOST 25% OF THE
DIFFERENCE).
WHY DO YOU PERSIST INSISTING ON THIS?

Why do you presist in deluding yourself that I believe such nonsense?
***********************************************

You DON'T GET MY POINT AT ALL!

Example if experiment is repeated today (forget GPS and alike).

You are in Tokyo and want to send THE EXACT READING of each clock to
USNO in Washington.

Fiber optic links are widely available, with a delay of about 120 msec
PLUS random delays in the repeaters (suppose one repeater every 500 Km).
You also have to account for random delays in the DWDM devices, which
accommodate several optic flows up to several Thz (I discussed this with
Paul many years ago).

The accepted error (today) in the end-end sync is about +/- 10 nsec.
This is a huge error marge if you try to transmit a reading of

50 hours and 0,544548016 nanoseconds

to the USNO in Washington, where both clocks average a time of:

50 hours and 0,544548059 nanoseconds (there is a loss of time).

The delay, to be added to the USNO incoming data (from Tokyo) is:

0.120356 seconds +/- 3%


As you can see, the difference between clocks IS MASKED by the errors in
the delay Tokyo-USNO. So, transmitting time data in real time, in the
nanoseconds range, is USELESS due to the huge uncertainty involved.


And there is ANOTHER THEORETICAL FACTOR FROM SR:

In Lorentz transforms, you have to account the factor -vx/c^2 from the
formula of Lorentz´s time. Paul forgot to account this, years ago.

And I don't see this factor in the H-K formulae, also.


So, for me, the manipulation of statistical data and incorrect setups
for the experiment (it involves more than 9,000 annotations about local
readings with the HP 5063 A at USNO and H-K). There is a lot of ground
for FRAUDULENT MANIPULATION OF THE COLLECTED INFO.

--------------------------------------------------------

I ask you that reason about this possible outcome:


What would have happened IF the H-K experiment didn't go accord to
expectations?

What the media and academia would say (and ACT ACCORDINGLY) if the main
news in the media was:

BREAKING NEWS:

EINSTEIN'S THEORY DISPROVED BY HAFELE AND KEATING, WITH THE SUPPORT OF
THE US NAVY. PHYSICS WORLD IN SHOCK. SCIENTISTS FROM THE ENTIRE WORLD
DEVASTATED BY THE SHOCKING NEWS. PHYSICS HAS TO BE RETHINK ENTIRELY, BUT
NO IDEAS YET.



Do you understand why "Einstein's right" is repeated every time and
everywhere?

[ProkaryoticCaspaseHomolog]

On Thu, 19 Sep 2024 18:44:46 +0000, rhertz wrote:

It is clear that you don't understand the technique of correlated rate
change analysis.

Suppose you had a marching regiment of soldiers. One of the soldiers
accidentally steps into a gopher hole and twists his ankle.

The soldiers don't need to see the clock tower to realize that one
of their number is falling behind.

So it is with correlated rate change analysis. With continuous
inter-comparison among the soldiers, you can tell from the records
precisely when the soldier stumbled, and when the soldiers reach the
end of the march, they can get their internal records reconciled with
"ground truth".

[LaurenceClarkCrossen]

Mr. Hertz: Nawrot gives the same criticism I just gave. SR cause is
uniform linear motion so H&K is nonsense:

"The essence of the mistake made by Hafele and Keating is that in their
experiment, the description of
non-inertial rotational motion of the Earth and the planes flying around
the Earth was made on the
basis of Special Relativity Theory which is valid only for inertial
motions. This required making
assumptions inconsistent with the idea of SRT. If we follow the
reasoning of Hafele and Keating, it is
possible to derive a number of paradoxical conclusions such as the
absence of rotational motion of the
Earth around the Sun or rotational motion of galaxies etc."

[Paul.B.Andersen]

Post by rhertz
https://www.masterclock.com/cmss_files/attachmentlibrary/Archived-
papers/Performance-and-Results-of-Portable-Clocks-in-Aircraft-1971.pdf
Day Location
04 USNO D
05 Dulles D (Pan Am 747)
  London A3 (*Pan Am 707)
  Frankfurt
  Istanbul
  Beirut
  Tehran
  New Delhi
06 Bangkok
  Hong Kong
  Tokyo  (*Pan Am 747)
  Honolulu
07 Los Angeles *AA 707)
  Dallas
  Dulles
  USNO return
Trip time 65.42 hours.
Rel time gain  -40 nsec (loss).
3) The eastward flight started and finished in Washington (USNO). In NO
CASE, any information was exchanged between the flights and the USNO.
Only when the eastward flight finished in the same place as it departed,
comparisons were made at the USNO.
The same thing happened with the westward flight.
3) The 40 nsec loss was accumulated DURING 65.42 hours. It´s about 0.61
nsec/hour, which multilateral during the entire path (USNO --> USNO).
There was NO TECHNOLOGY AVAILABLE TO SEND THE READINGS OF THE CLOCKS,
FROM THE DIFFERENT AIRPORTS TO THE USNO that could have the precision to
account for NANOSECONDS lost on each stage (about -8nsec/stage).

Why would you want to send the reading of the clocks from the different
airports to the USNO ?

The clocks were read before and after the trips, and the corrected
difference was the measured proper time of the trips.

The corrected proper times for the four clocks were:
The proper time of the clock at USNO +
Eastward trip: -57ns, -74ns, -55ns, -51ns average -59±10ns
Westward trip: 277ns, 284ns, 266ns, 266ns average 273±7ns

The error bar is calculated from the rms difference between
the four clocks.

In another post I wrote:

| During the trip none of the four clocks were compared to anything,
| (except for the _local_ comparison between the clocks)
| they were only measuring the proper duration of the trip.
|
| The data collected during the trip were the velocity of the clocks
| (speed and direction) in the ground frame, and the altitude of the
| clocks, all as a function of time (measured with a 'normal' clock).
| These are the necessary data to calculate the GR prediction for
| the proper time of the trip.

To calculate the GR-prediction, they obviously had to calculate
each flight and the time between the flights separately.

See "Predicted Relativistic Time Gains"
https://paulba.no/paper/Hafele_Keating.pdf

How did you think they calculated the GR prediction?

The prediction for the Eastward trip was -40±23 ns
The prediction for the Westward trip was 275±21 ns

Note that the error bars in the predictions are rather large.
That's because of the many flights.

Post by rhertz
No HF link or satellite link could have provided such precision at each
stage, considering HOW PRIMITIVE were the communications in 1971.
Geostationary satellites were a novelty, and the delay involved using
them was no less than 240 milliseconds. With this level of delay for ONE
SATELLITE JUMP, considering other random delays, measuring remotely -8
nsec/segment WAS IMPOSSIBLE.

Nobody has claimed that such a link was used,
and only you have claimed that such a link was needed.

Post by rhertz
And even today, repeating the experiment using real time data exchange
is beyond the capabilities of current technology (forget using GPS).

Why would you need such a link in a repetition of the H&K experiment
when it wasn't used in the original H&K experiment?

Post by rhertz
4) So, the DIFFERENCES between USNO clocks and H-K clocks could be
measured ONLY once ALL THE CLOCKS were placed side by side in the USNO,
once each flight finished.

Post by rhertz
Read the Hafele paper that I cited above, and stop talking nonsense

about INTERMEDIATE data exchange with the USNO. IT DIDN'T HAPPEN.

Of course it didn't happen.
As we have told you several times.

[Maciej Wozniak]

Post by Paul.B.Andersen

Post by rhertz
https://www.masterclock.com/cmss_files/attachmentlibrary/Archived-
papers/Performance-and-Results-of-Portable-Clocks-in-Aircraft-1971.pdf
Day Location
04 USNO D
05 Dulles D (Pan Am 747)
   London A3 (*Pan Am 707)
   Frankfurt
   Istanbul
   Beirut
   Tehran
   New Delhi
06 Bangkok
   Hong Kong
   Tokyo  (*Pan Am 747)
   Honolulu
07 Los Angeles *AA 707)
   Dallas
   Dulles
   USNO return
Trip time 65.42 hours.
Rel time gain  -40 nsec (loss).
3) The eastward flight started and finished in Washington (USNO). In NO
CASE, any information was exchanged between the flights and the USNO.
Only when the eastward flight finished in the same place as it departed,
comparisons were made at the USNO.
The same thing happened with the westward flight.
3) The 40 nsec loss was accumulated DURING 65.42 hours. It´s about 0.61
nsec/hour, which multilateral during the entire path (USNO --> USNO).
There was NO TECHNOLOGY AVAILABLE TO SEND THE READINGS OF THE CLOCKS,
FROM THE DIFFERENT AIRPORTS TO THE USNO that could have the precision to
account for NANOSECONDS lost on each stage (about -8nsec/stage).

Why would you want to send the reading of the clocks from the different
airports to the USNO ?
The clocks were read before and after the trips, and the corrected
difference was the measured proper time of the trips.

And in the meantime in the real world,
forbidden by your moronic church improper
clocks keep measuring improper t'=t
time in improper seconds.

[Paul.B.Andersen]

Post by rhertz

Post by ProkaryoticCaspaseHomolog
ALL FOUR CLOCKS were used for both sets of flights. You need at least
three clocks, and preferably more, to perform correlated rate change
analysis.
Haven't you read my description of the technique?
Reread the papers. You've descended into complete fantasy here.

Let me know HOW DID THEY SEPARATE THE DATA FROM EASTWARD AND WESTWARD
FLIGHTS by using the SAME clocks, without real time interconnection with
Washington?

Have you _still_ not read the paper, or is your problem that you are
unable to read a text and understand what you read?
SEE FIG.1 and read the text:
https://paulba.no/paper/Hafele_Keating.pdf


Right before the Eastward trip, each of the four clocks were
compared to MEAN(USNO) and time and offset was measured.

During the trip none of the four clocks were compared to anything,
they were only measuring the proper duration of th trip.
The data collected during the trip were the velocity of the clocks
(speed and direction) in the ground frame, and the altitude of
the clocks, all as a function of time (measured with a 'normal' clock).
These are the necessary data to calculate the GR prediction for
the proper time of the trip.

Right after the Eastward trip each of the four clocks were
compared to MEAN(USNO) and the time and offset offset was measured.

The same was repeated for the Westward trip.

Post by rhertz
You HAVE TO think deeper about the complete setup for the experiment.
Your thinking fail at many levels: measuring each path separately and
the statistical manipulations that were used AFTER the experiment.
If four clocks were used, how did they extract the data regarding
eastward and westward flights, if the separate path (east-west) CAN'T BE
DISTINGUISHED, because the four clocks accumulated the data of the whole
trip? Did they use some theoretical formulae to do so, plus the
statistical manipulation?

How confused is it possible to be?

Look at fig.1.
You can see the offset of the clocks as a function of time,
but the offset was _obviously_ not measured during the trips.
Do you have a problem with DISTINGUISH between the offsets before
and after the Eastward trip, and the offsets before and after
the Eastward trip?

In case it isn't obvious to you:
The 'offset' is the offset from MEAN(USNO).

Post by rhertz
The experiment IS NOT CREDIBLE. It was a FRAUD, and relativists
celebrated it, because they are willing to buy anything that led to say
"Einstein was right".

You have now demonstrated in post after post that you still have
no clue of how the experiment was performed.

It is amazing to see how you can read a text and misunderstand,
or rather don't understand what you read.

You are not qualified to have an opinion about the validity

[LaurenceClarkCrossen]

Mr. Hertz: According to SR, time dilation cannot be caused by the motion
of the jet relative to the axial rotation of the Earth because neither
is uniform linear motion.

[LaurenceClarkCrossen]

Mr. Hertz: Witold Nawrot's original article is available free here:
https://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6520.pdf
It seems it may be the whole article.

[LaurenceClarkCrossen]

Mr. Hertz: Ricardo Carezani says it's stupid to apply the relativistic
equations for kinetic energy to radioactive or decay cases. Dr. Louis
Essen rejected relativity.

[rhertz]

On the Hafele-Keating Experiment and the Geostationary Orbit Satellite
Problem
Further Analysis and Discussion

Shandong Zhao * and Yijia Zhao
Posted Date: 27 February 2024
doi: 10.20944/preprints202402.1554.v1

https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202402.1554/v1/download


Maybe some will like this deep analysis of such experiment 53 years
after, by Chinese relativists.

Even when they're relativists, they SMASH the publication into pieces,
with fierce but diplomatic critics.

[LaurenceClarkCrossen]

If the Navy had taken relativity seriously, it could have conducted a
real experiment with Navy jets and refueling mid-flight. Thanks for the
referenced article.

[Volney]

Post by rhertz
I want to tell a story of two adventurous "scientists" that, allegedly,
proved SR and GR by using borrowed cesium atomic clocks, which they
carried along with them while traveling around the globe TWICE, using
commercial flights.
http://www.personal.psu.edu/rq9/HOW/Atomic_Clocks_Predictions.pdf

Once again, Richard shows the typical crank idea that a "breakthrough"
paper is the one and only proof of something. The truth is that
breakthrough papers are often on the bleeding edge of some technology,
and the possible errors from new technology can reduce confidence in the
whole thing. However, time and science marches on from 1971, and the
combined effects of SR and GR have been proven repeatedly. The most
obvious example is the GPS satellite system, which simply wouldn't work
if combined SR/GR corrections weren't applied. In other words, H-K is an
old experiment, we have much better data now, move on.

The most blatant example of a "breakthrough" experiment with poor
resolution that cranks obsess over is the 1919 eclipse experiment. More
than 100 years old! There have been many eclipses since then with many
better repetitions, and since we've had satellites above the atmosphere,
eclipses aren't even necessary. A satellite just needs to block the disk
of the sun when observing the sky, and even that's not needed. The
effects of light deflection by the sun's gravity can be measured at 90
degrees from the sun (light at 1 AU on closest approach, so very small
deflection) and this was routinely done by exoplanet hunting missions
like Kepler.

p.s. 1911, Richard? How about Einstein's later papers where many things
were corrected?

[Maciej Wozniak]

Post by Volney

Post by rhertz
I want to tell a story of two adventurous "scientists" that, allegedly,
proved SR and GR by using borrowed cesium atomic clocks, which they
carried along with them while traveling around the globe TWICE, using
commercial flights.
http://www.personal.psu.edu/rq9/HOW/Atomic_Clocks_Predictions.pdf

Once again, Richard shows the typical crank idea that a "breakthrough"
paper is the one and only proof of something. The truth is that
breakthrough papers are often on the bleeding edge of some technology,
and the possible errors from new technology can reduce confidence in the
whole thing. However, time and science marches on from 1971, and the
combined effects of SR and GR have been proven repeatedly.

In the meantime in the real world, however,
forbidden by youir moronic church improper
clocks keep measuring improper t'=t in
improper seconds.

Post by Volney
The most blatant example of a "breakthrough" experiment with poor
resolution that cranks obsess over is the 1919 eclipse experiment. More
than 100 years old! There have been many eclipses since then with many
better repetitions, and since we've had satellites above the atmosphere,
eclipses aren't even necessary. A satellite just needs to block the disk
of the sun when observing the sky, and even that's not needed. The
effects of light deflection

What a pity that - according to the teachings
of your idiot guru - path of light are
always straight/geodesic in vacuum.

[Volney]

Post by Maciej Wozniak
What a pity that - according to the teachings
of your idiot guru - path of light are
always straight/geodesic in vacuum.

Straight or geodesic, janitor? They aren't the same, except in zero
gravity, where the geodesic is straight. Einstein said geodesic and this
has been shown to match reality. I don't know who your idiot guru is,
but it appears you need a new guru who knows what a geodesic is.

[Maciej Wozniak]

Post by Volney

Post by Maciej Wozniak
What a pity that - according to the teachings
of your idiot guru - path of light are
always straight/geodesic in vacuum.

Straight or geodesic, janitor? They aren't the same

Oh, really, aren't they? Which one is then
mentioned in Lobachevsky's axiom?

Yes, stupid Mike, they are the same, and lies
have short legs.

[rhertz]

Some more links.



http://www.leapsecond.com/museum/HK50/

50th Anniversary of 1971 Hafele-Keating Experiment
04-Oct-2021

NOTE: OBSERVE THE COUNTER LOCATED ABOVE BOTH CLOCKS IN THE PHOTO. IT'S
AN HP COUNTER/FREQ. METER, NOT ABLE TO MEASURE ABOVE 100 MHZ OR BELOW 1
uSec (first and third photo). It doesn't work to measure nanoseconds.




The Truths of Space-time Contractions of Special Relativity
August 2023Applied Physics Research 15(2):36
Authors: Mei Xiaochun

Institute of Innovative Physics in Fuzhou,


https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373113331_The_Truths_of_Space-time_Contractions_of_Special_Relativity

[ProkaryoticCaspaseHomolog]

Post by rhertz
http://www.leapsecond.com/museum/HK50/
50th Anniversary of 1971 Hafele-Keating Experiment
04-Oct-2021
NOTE: OBSERVE THE COUNTER LOCATED ABOVE BOTH CLOCKS IN THE PHOTO. IT'S
AN HP COUNTER/FREQ. METER, NOT ABLE TO MEASURE ABOVE 100 MHZ OR BELOW 1
uSec (first and third photo). It doesn't work to measure nanoseconds.

As a EE, you should immediately have been able to think of a variety
of methods whereby H&K could have performed their inter-clock
comparisons to sub-nanosecond accuracy. I presume that their clocks
had a variety of outputs. Today's clocks might typically have a 1 PPS
output, as well as 1 MHz, 5 MHz and 10 MHz sine wave outputs.

The first thing that I can think of would be to use an external time
interval counter. I would connect the TIC to both clocks' 1 PPS outputs,
and it will measure the time difference between the outputs to
sub-nanosecond accuracy. Since the TIC is triggered by the edges of
the output signals, its precision will be much greater than what
the clock readouts can show.

A second thing that I might try would be to use a phase detector to
measure the phase difference between the clock outputs. The phase shift
of the signal can be translated into a time difference. For example,
a 3.6 degree phase shift between two 10 MHz clock outputs would
correspond to a time difference of 1 ns.

I'm sure that you can quickly think of other methods of performing
the inter-comparisons. Which method did H&K use? They didn't specify
in their two Science papers, but they would certainly have expected
that any "person skilled in the art" (PSITA) could figure things out
if they wanted to repeat the experiment.

[ProkaryoticCaspaseHomolog]

Post by ProkaryoticCaspaseHomolog

Post by rhertz
http://www.leapsecond.com/museum/HK50/
50th Anniversary of 1971 Hafele-Keating Experiment
04-Oct-2021
NOTE: OBSERVE THE COUNTER LOCATED ABOVE BOTH CLOCKS IN THE PHOTO. IT'S
AN HP COUNTER/FREQ. METER, NOT ABLE TO MEASURE ABOVE 100 MHZ OR BELOW 1
uSec (first and third photo). It doesn't work to measure nanoseconds.

As a EE, you should immediately have been able to think of a variety
of methods whereby H&K could have performed their inter-clock
comparisons to sub-nanosecond accuracy. I presume that their clocks
had a variety of outputs. Today's clocks might typically have a 1 PPS
output, as well as 1 MHz, 5 MHz and 10 MHz sine wave outputs.
The first thing that I can think of would be to use an external time
interval counter. I would connect the TIC to both clocks' 1 PPS outputs,
and it will measure the time difference between the outputs to
sub-nanosecond accuracy. Since the TIC is triggered by the edges of
the output signals, its precision will be much greater than what
the clock readouts can show.
A second thing that I might try would be to use a phase detector to
measure the phase difference between the clock outputs. The phase shift
of the signal can be translated into a time difference. For example,
a 3.6 degree phase shift between two 10 MHz clock outputs would
correspond to a time difference of 1 ns.
I'm sure that you can quickly think of other methods of performing
the inter-comparisons. Which method did H&K use? They didn't specify
in their two Science papers, but they would certainly have expected
that any "person skilled in the art" (PSITA) could figure things out
if they wanted to repeat the experiment.

======================================================================
The HP 5360A Computime, introduced in 1969, measured time intervals of
0 to 1000 seconds with 1 nanosecond resolution. The internal crystal
oscillator offered a measurement accuracy of 1 part in 10^7. It could
also be connected to an external 1 MHz or 5 MHz reference oscillator
to improve long-term accuracy and stability. It could average multiple
time interval measurements to reduce noise and improve accuracy over
a series of measurements. It had a 9-digit Nixie tube display.

[rhertz]

======================================================================
The HP 5360A Computime, introduced in 1969, measured time intervals of
0 to 1000 seconds with 1 nanosecond resolution. The internal crystal
oscillator offered a measurement accuracy of 1 part in 10^7. It could
also be connected to an external 1 MHz or 5 MHz reference oscillator
to improve long-term accuracy and stability. It could average multiple
time interval measurements to reduce noise and improve accuracy over
a series of measurements. It had a 9-digit Nixie tube display.
**********************************************************************


This is a link of a site with huge amount of data about the HP 5360.
It worked with one of the first programmable calculators ever done,
the 5375A Desk Calculator Keyboard.

You can see that it had 11 nixie tubes in the display, but it was based
on statistical averages (new techniques), to present data like time
interval.
It was also a frequency meter (0 Hz - 320 Mhz).


https://www.crowave.com/blog/2022/11/24/computing-counter-hp-5360a/

Check this link.

https://dopecc.net/calculators/hp/5360a/


When introduced in 1969, was 100 times more accurate than its
competitor, BUT
it provided time differences between two sources IN A SINGLE SHOT.

So, to ACCUMULATE DIFFERENCES during the time flight of 50 hours, A
LARGE NUMBER
of single shot measurements HAD TO BE TAKEN, and such set of
measurements (> 4.500
in this case), HAD TO BE STATISTICALLY PROCESSED outside the ensemble.


And that is one of the things to be questioned heavily, because it was
when the
data cooking took place (in Washington DC, once the experiment was
finished).
Data "cherry picking) at its best.

NOT FOR NOTHING, THE SUMMARIZED DATA (AFTER COOKING IT AT WILL),
APPEARED IN A SECOND
PUBLICATION BY 1972, WHILE THE ORIGINAL 197 PUBLICATION ONLY HAD A
CONFUSING GRAPHIC, NO MORE.


The stability of the HP 5060A Cs atomic clocks was not enough (in the
short and long terms) to
provide such accuracy DIRECTLY in 1971. The published results were more
a product of desktop
calculations and corrections THAN a real, continuous, full time
accumulative measurement for 50 hours
or more.

Today, 53 years after, the experiment could be done with just one
measurement for the entire flight,
but not in 1971, when the measurement instrument (without long term
memory) was invented at HP, in
their golden years.

So, I sustain that such experiment was an HOAX, in particular for the
interests of the MIC (Navy, etc.)
to support the experiment, and get more funds for time measurement, use
of Cs clocks all over the military, etc, etc.

[ProkaryoticCaspaseHomolog]

Post by ProkaryoticCaspaseHomolog
======================================================================
The HP 5360A Computime, introduced in 1969, measured time intervals of
0 to 1000 seconds with 1 nanosecond resolution. The internal crystal
oscillator offered a measurement accuracy of 1 part in 10^7. It could
also be connected to an external 1 MHz or 5 MHz reference oscillator
to improve long-term accuracy and stability. It could average multiple
time interval measurements to reduce noise and improve accuracy over
a series of measurements. It had a 9-digit Nixie tube display.
**********************************************************************
This is a link of a site with huge amount of data about the HP 5360.
It worked with one of the first programmable calculators ever done,
the 5375A Desk Calculator Keyboard.
You can see that it had 11 nixie tubes in the display, but it was based
on statistical averages (new techniques), to present data like time
interval.
It was also a frequency meter (0 Hz - 320 Mhz).
https://www.crowave.com/blog/2022/11/24/computing-counter-hp-5360a/
Check this link.
https://dopecc.net/calculators/hp/5360a/
When introduced in 1969, was 100 times more accurate than its
competitor, BUT
it provided time differences between two sources IN A SINGLE SHOT.

You agree, therefore, that measurements of the time differences
between the 1 PPS outputs of the cesium clocks was quite feasible.

Post by ProkaryoticCaspaseHomolog
So, to ACCUMULATE DIFFERENCES during the time flight of 50 hours, A
LARGE NUMBER
of single shot measurements HAD TO BE TAKEN, and such set of
measurements (> 4.500
in this case), HAD TO BE STATISTICALLY PROCESSED outside the ensemble.

These thousands of inter-clock measurements were required for
correlated rate-change analysis.

Post by ProkaryoticCaspaseHomolog
And that is one of the things to be questioned heavily, because it was
when the
data cooking took place (in Washington DC, once the experiment was
finished).
Data "cherry picking) at its best.
NOT FOR NOTHING, THE SUMMARIZED DATA (AFTER COOKING IT AT WILL),
APPEARED IN A SECOND
PUBLICATION BY 1972, WHILE THE ORIGINAL 197 PUBLICATION ONLY HAD A
CONFUSING GRAPHIC, NO MORE.

There was not enough room in the short article to publish thousands
of data points. Nowadays, one expects the data from such an experiment
to be made available on some public server. For example, I've spent
enjoyable hours going through Kepler data and LLR data, testing out
various ideas of mine. But in 1971, there was no Internet, and data
storage was relatively expensive.

Post by ProkaryoticCaspaseHomolog
The stability of the HP 5060A Cs atomic clocks was not enough (in the
short and long terms) to
provide such accuracy DIRECTLY in 1971. The published results were more
a product of desktop
calculations and corrections THAN a real, continuous, full time
accumulative measurement for 50 hours
or more.

Actually, the data was analyzed using an existing computer program
used by standards laboratories specifically designed to perform
correlated rate-change analysis. You cannot expect these calculations
to have been performed manually.

Post by ProkaryoticCaspaseHomolog
Today, 53 years after, the experiment could be done with just one
measurement for the entire flight,

Yes. And modern re-enactments of the H&K experiment clearly
demonstrate relativistic effects.

Post by ProkaryoticCaspaseHomolog
but not in 1971, when the measurement instrument (without long term
memory) was invented at HP, in
their golden years.
So, I sustain that such experiment was an HOAX, in particular for the
interests of the MIC (Navy, etc.)
to support the experiment, and get more funds for time measurement, use
of Cs clocks all over the military, etc, etc.

The published graph looks rather crappy, but even without correlated
rate-change analysis, I can perform a simple one-tailed statistical
test on the graph. I enlarged the image and measured line centers on
the screen. I can exclude the null hypothesis (that there is no
difference between the accumulated times on the westward versus
eastward flights) to better than a (p < 0.05) level of significance.
I don't QUITE reach a (p < 0.01) level of significance. Basically,
the data supports the assertion that the accumulated times on the
westward flight are greater than on the eastward flight.

Correlated rate-change analysis allows CONSIDERABLY more to be said
about the magnitude of the measured effect.

[Maciej Wozniak]

Post by ProkaryoticCaspaseHomolog
Yes. And modern re-enactments of the H&K experiment clearly
demonstrate relativistic effects.

And in the meantime in the real world - forbidden
by your insane church improper GPS and TAI
clocks keep measuring t'=t, just like all
serious clocks always did.

[rhertz]

DENSE DISCLAIMER OF DR. HAFELE. FULL PAPER:

PERFORMANCE AND RESULTS OF PORTABLE CLOCKS IN AIRCRAFT
by J.C. Hafele
Assistant Professor of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis,
Missouri.


http://www.leapsecond.com/museum/HK50/1971-PTTI-Vol-03_17.pdf


EXCERPT:


8. 0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 2
Portable cesium beam clocks (model 5061A) cannot be expected to
perform as well under traveling conditions as they do in the laboratory.
Our results show that quasipermanent rate changes as large as 5 nsec/hr
(120 nsec/day) may occur during trips with clocks that have shown
considerably
better performance in the laboratory. Of course, such changes
reduce the utility of these clocks. For example, if a flying clock
changes
rate by 5 nsec/hr shortly after the beginning of a two-week trip, and no
other significant changes occur, synchronizations with this clock
shortly
before the end of the trip would be off by 1. 6p sec. However, our
results
also suggest that the average of four flying clocks permits
synchronization
with an uncertainty of less than 1 nsec/hr (24 nsec/day), assuming no
intercomparison data are recorded. With intercomparison data, it should
be
possible to reduce the uncertainty even further.

Although the final analysis of our data is not yet completed, we
have established, with an intermediate level of analysis, that portable
cesium beam clocks are capable of showing relativistic effects with
relatively
inexpensive commercial jet flights. The results of this analysis are
in reasonable agreement with theoretical predictions. However, those who
doubt the validity of conventional relativity theory, and there are many
people in this category, probably will not be converted by the results
shown
in Figure 4. Indeed, the difference between theory and measurement in
Figure 4 is disturbing, and if our final analysis does not improve
agreement,
an improved version of this experiment should be given serious
consideration.
The standard deviation on the measurement could be reduced considerably,
probably
by a factor of ten, with such improvements as the use of dual beam
clocks and
circumnavigations with less ground time.

[Ross Finlayson]

Post by rhertz
PERFORMANCE AND RESULTS OF PORTABLE CLOCKS IN AIRCRAFT
by J.C. Hafele
Assistant Professor of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis,
Missouri.
http://www.leapsecond.com/museum/HK50/1971-PTTI-Vol-03_17.pdf
8. 0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 2
Portable cesium beam clocks (model 5061A) cannot be expected to
perform as well under traveling conditions as they do in the laboratory.
Our results show that quasipermanent rate changes as large as 5 nsec/hr
(120 nsec/day) may occur during trips with clocks that have shown
considerably
better performance in the laboratory. Of course, such changes
reduce the utility of these clocks. For example, if a flying clock
changes
rate by 5 nsec/hr shortly after the beginning of a two-week trip, and no
other significant changes occur, synchronizations with this clock
shortly
before the end of the trip would be off by 1. 6p sec. However, our
results
also suggest that the average of four flying clocks permits
synchronization
with an uncertainty of less than 1 nsec/hr (24 nsec/day), assuming no
intercomparison data are recorded. With intercomparison data, it should
be
possible to reduce the uncertainty even further.
Although the final analysis of our data is not yet completed, we
have established, with an intermediate level of analysis, that portable
cesium beam clocks are capable of showing relativistic effects with
relatively
inexpensive commercial jet flights. The results of this analysis are
in reasonable agreement with theoretical predictions. However, those who
doubt the validity of conventional relativity theory, and there are many
people in this category, probably will not be converted by the results
shown
in Figure 4. Indeed, the difference between theory and measurement in
Figure 4 is disturbing, and if our final analysis does not improve
agreement,
an improved version of this experiment should be given serious
consideration.
The standard deviation on the measurement could be reduced considerably,
probably
by a factor of ten, with such improvements as the use of dual beam
clocks and
circumnavigations with less ground time.

Are you trying to suggest Hafaele and Keating's data is
given including an example that falsifies the standard formalism?

It seems you're pointing out they already do, ....

[ProkaryoticCaspaseHomolog]

Post by rhertz
http://www.leapsecond.com/museum/HK50/1971-PTTI-Vol-03_17.pdf

The above had been written BEFORE their full analysis using the
method of correlated rate-change analysis, which I described earlier.
So yes, the initial analysis did not look all that great, but the
full analysis making use of all of the inter-comparison data was
able to resolve the clock glitches.

Nowadays, cesium clocks have far greater stability, and convincing
results can be obtained using single clocks on short flights
and WITHOUT any sophisticated data analysis.
http://resource.npl.co.uk/docs/publications/newsletters/metromnia/issue18_einstein.pdf

Why do you keep attempting to knock down the H&K experiment?

[Maciej Wozniak]

Post by ProkaryoticCaspaseHomolog

Post by rhertz
http://www.leapsecond.com/museum/HK50/1971-PTTI-Vol-03_17.pdf

The above had been written BEFORE their full analysis using the
method of correlated rate-change analysis, which I described earlier.
So yes, the initial analysis did not look all that great, but the
full analysis making use of all of the inter-comparison data was
able to resolve the clock glitches.
Nowadays, cesium clocks have far greater stability

A lie, of course, as expected from a relativistic
fanatic. Anyone can check GPS, the stability
of cesium clocks, while quite good, is not
good enough for serious measurements.

[Paul.B.Andersen]

Post by ProkaryoticCaspaseHomolog

Post by rhertz
http://www.leapsecond.com/museum/HK50/1971-PTTI-Vol-03_17.pdf

The above had been written BEFORE their full analysis using the
method of correlated rate-change analysis, which I described earlier.
So yes, the initial analysis did not look all that great, but the
full analysis making use of all of the inter-comparison data was
able to resolve the clock glitches.
Nowadays, cesium clocks have far greater stability, and convincing
results can be obtained using single clocks on short flights
and WITHOUT any sophisticated data analysis.
http://resource.npl.co.uk/docs/publications/newsletters/metromnia/
issue18_einstein.pdf
Why do you keep attempting to knock down the H&K experiment?

Because the H&K experiment is in the list :

Richard Hertz wrote:
"And about your list of historical proofs of relativity, I can make a
deep forensic analysis of them, proving beyond any reasonable doubt,
that relativists are members of a MAFFIA, and profit from it. This is
because the different results are COOKED with the help of statistical
manipulations, fraud, cooking and peer complicity."

:-D

[Ross Finlayson]

Post by ProkaryoticCaspaseHomolog

Post by rhertz
http://www.leapsecond.com/museum/HK50/1971-PTTI-Vol-03_17.pdf

The above had been written BEFORE their full analysis using the
method of correlated rate-change analysis, which I described earlier.
So yes, the initial analysis did not look all that great, but the
full analysis making use of all of the inter-comparison data was
able to resolve the clock glitches.
Nowadays, cesium clocks have far greater stability, and convincing
results can be obtained using single clocks on short flights
and WITHOUT any sophisticated data analysis.
http://resource.npl.co.uk/docs/publications/newsletters/metromnia/issue18_einstein.pdf
Why do you keep attempting to knock down the H&K experiment?

How could you think that space-time was discontinuous?

[J. J. Lodder]

Post by rhertz
I want to tell a story of two adventurous "scientists" that, allegedly,
proved SR and GR by using borrowed cesium atomic clocks, which they
carried along with them while traveling around the globe TWICE, using
commercial flights.
http://www.personal.psu.edu/rq9/HOW/Atomic_Clocks_Predictions.pdf

Why go on and on about a demonstration experiment from 50+ years ago?
(that demonstrated in the first place how good 'portable' clocks had
become by then)

This is in the category of contesting
the argument of 'sails dispearing over the horizon'
in flat Earth discussions,

Jan

[Maciej Wozniak]

Post by J. J. Lodder

Post by rhertz
I want to tell a story of two adventurous "scientists" that, allegedly,
proved SR and GR by using borrowed cesium atomic clocks, which they
carried along with them while traveling around the globe TWICE, using
commercial flights.
http://www.personal.psu.edu/rq9/HOW/Atomic_Clocks_Predictions.pdf

Why go on and on about a demonstration experiment from 50+ years ago?
(that demonstrated in the first place how good 'portable' clocks had
become by then)

Anyone can check GPS, they may be good
for some cheerful games of your moronic bunch,
but they're worthless for a serious measurement.

[rhertz]

J.J., the HP 5060 A clocks were not portable at all. They were lab
clocks, comprising four units weighting above 100 Kg., and they were
almost 90 cm high. Each one required more than 150 Watts to work.

The portable one was the HP 5061 A, but had much less stability,
precision and accuracy.


The HP 5060 A was a breakthrough in the world of atomic clocks, and
remained as the king of Cs atomic clocks for almost a decade, till late
'70s. It was the "golden years" of HP, before they entered into the
computer market, and many other instrument makers appeared, with
excelent quality (from US, Germany and Japan).

[J. J. Lodder]

Post by rhertz
J.J., the HP 5060 A clocks were not portable at all. They were lab
clocks, comprising four units weighting above 100 Kg., and they were
almost 90 cm high. Each one required more than 150 Watts to work.

Yes, and...?
The things were routinely carried around the world in airliner seats
in order to synchronise clocks in standards laboratories.
(and at radio telescopes, for the Apollo missions to the Moon)
Of course relativistic corrections were routinely applied.

As something of scientific interest it was already a thing of the past
50 years ago. It is routine engineering applications,
aka unproblematic background knowledge,

Jan

[Maciej Wozniak]

Post by J. J. Lodder

Post by rhertz
J.J., the HP 5060 A clocks were not portable at all. They were lab
clocks, comprising four units weighting above 100 Kg., and they were
almost 90 cm high. Each one required more than 150 Watts to work.

Yes, and...?
The things were routinely carried around the world in airliner seats
in order to synchronise clocks in standards laboratories.
(and at radio telescopes, for the Apollo missions to the Moon)
Of course relativistic corrections were routinely applied.

There are no "relativistic" corrections.
Oppositely, your mad religion is trying to
forbid them.

[rhertz]

***************************************************************
If τ and τ₀ are the respective times recorded by the flying and ground
reference clocks during a complete circumnavigation, their time
difference, to a first approximation, is given by

(τ - τ₀)/τ₀ = -(2RΩv + v²)/2c²

**************************************************************

Just a curiosity with this Hafele formula for SR:

R = 6,361,000 m
Ω = 0.000072921159 rad/sec
v = 900 Kmph = 250 m/sec

It gives to me a value


(τ - τ₀)/τ₀ = -1.638E-12

Accumulating 65 hours flying eastward, it gives


(τ - τ₀) = -383.2 nanoseconds for a full eastward flight around the
globe.

But Hafele published a theoretical SR value of -184 ± 18 nsec, which is
almost half the value I calculated using his formula for SR.

Can anyone spot my error?

[rhertz]

Never mind about finding the error. There is none. Hafele formula is
incomplete, and didn't include the average latitude of the flight. Also,
the average time spent flying and average speed v are not correct on his
original paper.

This paper, which analyze thoroughly the papers that Hafele published,
bring some clarity about evident intentions TO NOT WRITE THE TRUTH.


Hafele-Keating Experiment Reassessed
Preprint · September 2020
Gianni Casonato
European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
(EUMETSAT)
16 PUBLICATIONS 38 CITATIONS

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344428119_Hafele-Keating_Experiment_Reassessed/link/5f74443f299bf1b53e002099/download?_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIn19

********************************************************

3 Conclusions
The HK experiment has been reproduced by recalculating the predicted
values using flight data provided in [HK-3] using the formulas described
in [HK-1] and [HK-4], and compared with expected values provided with HK
in their paper in [HK-1] and actual observations in [HK-2].

It is expected that the values re-calculated using theory model matches
with the HK predicted ones, as presented in [HK-2] and [HK-5], within
the limit of the approximation applied, but that is not the case for
both general and simplified models.

Passing to the observed values, the figures provided by HK in their
paper significantly change from the preliminary ones in [HK-3] to the
final ones in [HK-2] without any clarification of the type of
consolidation made in the data post-processing.

The reason could be due to a wrong use of the model expressions or their
flight parameters, which are not fully released by HK, and/or to
insufficient experiment data accuracy, which did not
considered external effects (e.g. environmental) influencing the
measurements.

As final conclusion, it is noted that

1. the accuracy of the clocks used for the experiment, namely the rms
of their measured times both on ground and in flight, looks of the same
order of magnitude of the effect to be measured. That raises doubts on
the possibility of using any type of result for the purpose of
the experiment’s objectives;

2. overall all analysed data, either predicted, recalculated and
observed, are within the same order of magnitude (tenths of nsecs for
Eastward case and hundreds of nsecs for Westward case), but the residual
differences as significantly high (up to 40%), meaning that the
accuracy of the experimental measurements was not good enough for
providing a conclusive answer to the objective of validating the SR/GR
model as the only one valid for time shift.

************************************************************


This professional clearly expressed his thoughts about the lack of
clarity in the Hafele papers, plus intentionally missing data and some
obscurity behind the assertions that Einstein's theory was validated.

And the author IS NOT A CRANK.

[Paul.B.Andersen]

Post by rhertz
***************************************************************
If τ and τ₀ are the respective times recorded by the flying and ground
reference clocks during a complete circumnavigation, their time
difference, to a first approximation, is given by
(τ - τ₀)/τ₀ = -(2RΩv + v²)/2c²
**************************************************************

This is the kinematic term, of course.

But note:
As clearly stated in the paper, this equation is only
valid for flights in the equatorial plane.
But H&K knew that, so I am sure they compensated for this
when the flights were at different latitudes.

Post by rhertz
R = 6,361,000 m
Ω = 0.000072921159 rad/sec
v = 900 Kmph = 250 m/sec

Duration of the trip in either direction:
τ₀ = 2⋅π⋅R/v = 159869 s ≈ 44.4 hours

This is the time measured by a clock on Earth,
so it is a proper time.

Post by rhertz
It gives to me a value
(τ - τ₀)/τ₀ = -1.638E-12

So for the East going clock:
(τ - τ₀) = -1.638E-12⋅159869 s = -240 ns


West going clock (v negative):
(τ - τ₀)/τ₀ = +9.0257E-13
(τ - τ₀) = +9.0257E-13⋅159869 s = 144 ns

Post by rhertz
Accumulating 65 hours flying eastward, it gives

Your aircraft was flying at 900 km/h non stop for 44 hours.

H&K had several flight with many take offs and landing.
during 65 hours for the Eastwards trip, and during 80 hours
for the Westward trip. So of course the kinematic term would
be smaller in H&K.
As you can see:
H&K prediction for kinematic term East -184 ns
Your prediction for kinematic term East -240 ns
H&K prediction for kinematic term West 96 ns
Your prediction for kinematic term West 144 ns

Post by rhertz
(τ - τ₀) = -383.2 nanoseconds for a full eastward flight around the
globe.

This is if your aircraft had flown at 900 km/h for 65 hours.
And then it would have flown more than once around the world.

Post by rhertz
But Hafele published a theoretical SR value of -184 ± 18 nsec, which is
almost half the value I calculated using his formula for SR.
Can anyone spot my error?

You know of course what the error is.

BTW, what was your point?

[rhertz]

You know of course what the error is.

BTW, what was your point?

--
Paul

******************************************
Had you read my previous post, you should have noticed the link that I
posted.

There, the formula for the SR part includes cos@, where @ is the
latitude.

Yet, the formula published by Hafele, which I used, don't include this
correction.

(τ - τ₀)/τ₀ = -(2RΩv + v²)/2c²

instead of

(τ - τ₀)/τ₀ = -(2RΩv cos@ + v²)/2c²

-----

And about that my calculation took more than 1 circulation around the
globe (39,658 Km instead of 36,900 Km following the Equator).

Also, it lacks the correction of cos@, which Hafele didn't disclose.
THIS is because that the data corrections (time, lengths) were made by
OTHER specialists, whom assisted him.

The above is because the flight's path for a complete circulation is FAR
from being a simple straight line at a give latitude.

Plus, another important set of CORRECTIONS were made by specialists,
considering (for the 10/11 segments of each flight), time spent
ascending and descending at each airport, with important changes in
velocity (no less than 20 lapses of more than 5 minutes each). Add,
also, more variables in the VELOCITY of each flight, which changed
constantly during each flight (due to atmospheric issues, etc.).

In total, the number of corrections, adjustments and "data
cherry-picking for EACH FLIGHT (and six clocks), involved no less than
15,000 numbers to be cooked (sorry, considered).

How much is the value of relativity in stock markets today?

Bye, Paul.